اللغة القيرغيزية

Kyrgyz
	кыргызча; قىرعىچه; qırğızça; кыргыз тили; qırğız tili
النطق	[qɯɾʁɯztʃɑ][]; [qɯɾʁɯz tili][]
موطنها	Kyrgyzstan (official), Afghanistan, Xinjiang (China), Tajikistan, Russia, Pakistan
العرق	Kyrgyz people
الناطقون الأصليون	4٫3 million (2009 census)e18
عائلة اللغات	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kyrgyz–Kipchak Kyrgyz; ; ; ;
نظام الكتابة	Kyrgyz alphabets (Cyrillic script, Perso-Arabic script, formerly Latin, Kyrgyz Braille)
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	قيرغيزستان; الصين Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture; ; Collective Security Treaty Organization
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-1	ky
ISO 639-2	kir
ISO 639-3	kir
Glottolog	kirg1245
Linguasphere	44-AAB-cd
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

اللغة القيرغيزية (Kyrgyz ؛ // (natively кыргызча, قىرعىزچه, kyrgyzcha or кыргыз тили, قىرعىز تيلى, kyrgyz tili) هي أحد لغات المجموعة الهجرية والمحكاة في وسط أسيا كاللغات الكازاخية والاوزبكية والهجرمانية.

Phonology

Kyrgyz vowel phonemes
	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	ɯ	u
Mid	e	ø		o
Open	(a)		ɑ

/a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/. Note that in most dialects, its status as a vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable.

Kyrgyz consonant phonemes
		Labial	Dental/ alveolar	alveolar	Dorsal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k
Plosive	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		(t͡s)	t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	(f)	s	ʃ	(x)
Fricative	voiced	(v)	z
Approximant			l		j
Trill			r

/f, v, t͡s, x/ occur only in foreign borrowings.

نظام الكتابة

The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet, which uses all the Russian letters plus ң, ө, and ү.

In Xinjiang of China, an Arabic alphabet is used.

Although the Latin script is not in official use, some Kyrgyz texts are written in the Turkish variant of the Latin alphabet which was designed by Pamukkale University, and uses Turkish spelling norms e.g. for diphthongization (ey, ay etc.) and with the addition of J corresponding to Russian Ж (/zh/). Native Kyrgyz sound values are almost identical to Turkish, the exceptions being the velar nasal /ŋ/ and the voiceless uvular stop /q/ which do not exist in Turkish. In these cases they are written as "ñ" and "q" respectively.

Кыргыз ариптеринин салыштырмалуу жадыбалы

Кириллица ариптери	Аты	Араб ариптери	Латын ариптери	Латын ариптери (1928—1940)	IPA
А а	а	ا	A a	A a	/ɑ/
Б б	бы	ب	B b	B в	/b/, [w], [v]
В в	вы	ۋ	V v	V v	/v/
Г г (Ғ ғ)	гы	گ ع*	G g	G g, Ƣ ƣ	/ɡ/ [ʁ]
Д д	ды	د	D d	D d	/d/
Е е	e	ه	E e	E e	/je/, /e/
Ё ё	ё	يو	Yo yo	Yo yo	/jo/
Ж ж	жы	ج	J j	Ç ç (Ƶ ƶ 1938-1940)	/dʒ/
З з	зы	ز	Z z	Z z	/z/
И и	и	ى	İ i	I i	/i/
Й й	йы	ي	Y y	J j	/j/
К к (Қ қ)	кы	ك ق*	K k	K k, Q q	/k/, [q], [χ]
Л л	лы	ل	L l	L l	/l/
М м	мы	م	M m	M m	/m/
Н н	ны	ن	N n	N n	/n/
Ң ң	ың	ڭ	Ñ ñ	Ŋ ŋ	/ŋ/
О о	о	و	O o	O o	/o/
Ө ө	ө	ۅ	Ö ö	Ɵ ɵ	/ø/
П п	пы	پ	P p	P p	/p/
Р р	ры	ر	R r	R r	/r/
С с	сы	س	S s	S s	/s/
Т т	ты	ت	T t	T t	/t/
У у	у	ۇ	U u	U u	/u/
Ү ү	ү	ۉ	Ü ü	Y y	/y/
Ф ф	фы	ف	F f	F f	/f/
Х х	хы	ح	H h	X x (H h 1928-1938)	[χ] /k/
Ц ц	ыцы	تس	C c	Ts ts	/ts/
Ч ч	чы	چ	Ç ç	C c	/tʃ
Ш ш	шы	ش	Ş ş	Ş ş	/ʃ/
Щ щ	ща	-	Şç şç	Şc şc	/ʃtʃ/, /ʃː/
Ъ ъ	ажыратуу белгиси	-	-	-	-
Ы ы	ы	ى	İ i	Ь ь	/ɯ/
Ь ь	ичкертүү белгиси	-	-	-	-
Э э	э	ه	É é	E e	/e/
Ю ю	ю	يۋ	Yu yu	Yu yu	/ju/, /jy/
Я я	я	يا	Ya ya	Ya ya	/ja/, /jɑ/

К ك + а, о, у, ы => ق
Г گ + а, о, у, ы => ع

Romanization system by Kazakhstan's KazInform was also considered.

Cyrillic	Arabic	Latin (based from KazInform Romanization)	Latin (Turkish-based, by PAU)	English
Бардык адамдар өз беделинде жана укуктарында эркин жана тең укуктуу болуп жаралат. Алардын аң-сезими менен абийири бар жана бири-бирине бир туугандык мамиле кылууга тийиш.	باردىق ادامدار ۅز بەدەلىندە جانا ۇقۇقتارىندا ەركىن جانا تەڭ ۇقۇقتۇۇ بولۇپ جارالات.۔ الاردىن اڭ-سەزىمى مەنەن ابئيىرى بار جانا بئرى-بئرىنە بئر تۇۇعاندىق مامئلە قىلۇۇعا تئيىش.	Bardıq adamdar öz bedelïnde jana wqwqtarında erkïn jana teñ wqwqtww bolwp jaralat. Alardın añ-sezïmï menen abïyrï bar jana bïrï-bïrïne bïr twğandıq mamïle qılwwğa tïyïş.	Bardıq adamdar öz bedelinde jana uquqtarında erkin jana teñ uquqtuu bolup jaralat. Alardın añ-sezimi menen abiyiri bar jana biri-birine bir tuuğandıq mamile qıluuğa tiyiş.	All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Morphology and syntax

Case

Nouns in Kyrgyz take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology).

Case	Underlying form	Possible forms	"boat"	"air"	"bucket"	"hand"	"head"	"salt"	"eye"
Nominative	—		кеме	аба	челек	кол	баш	туз	көз
Genitive	-NIn	-нын, -нин, -дын, -дин, -тын, -тин, -нун, -нүн, -дун, -дүн, -тун, -түн	кеменин	абанын	челектин	колдун	баштын	туздун	көздүн
Dative	-GA	-га, -ка, -ге, -ке, -го, -ко, -гө, -кө	кемеге	абага	челекке	колго	башка	тузга	көзгө
Accusative	-NI	-ны, -ни, -ды, -ди, -ты, -ти, -ну, -нү, -ду, -дү, -ту, -тү	кемени	абаны	челекти	колду	башты	тузду	көздү
Locative	-DA	-да, -де, -та, -те, -до, -дө, -то, -тө	кемеде	абада	челекте	колдо	башта	тузда	көздө
Ablative	-DAn	-дан, -ден, -тан, -тен, -дон, -дөн, -тон, -төн	кемеден	абадан	челектен	колдон	баштан	туздан	көздөн

Normally the decision between the velar ([ɡ ~ ɣ], [k]) and uvular ([ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q]) pronunciation of 〈г〉 and 〈к〉 is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply a velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/, not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel.

Pronouns

Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns:

Personal pronouns
Singular		Plural
Kyrgyz (transliteration)	English	Kyrgyz (transliteration)	English
Мен (Men)	I	Биз (Biz)	We
Сен (Sen)	You (singular informal)	Силер (Siler)	You (plural informal)
Сиз (Siz)	You (singular formal)	Сиздер (Sizder)	You (plural formal)
Ал (Al)	He/She/It	Алар (Alar)	They

The declension of the pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold.

Declension of pronouns
	Singular				Plural
	1st	2nd inf	2nd frm	3rd	1st	2nd inf	2nd frm	3rd
Nom	мен	сен	сиз	ал	биз	силер	сиздер	алар
Acc	мени	сени	сизди	аны	бизди	силерди	сиздерди	аларды
Gen	менин	сенин	сиздин	анын	биздин	силердин	сиздердин	алардын
Dat	мага	сага	сизге	ага	бизге	силерге	сиздерге	аларга
Loc	менде	сенде	сизде	анда	бизде	силерде	сиздерде	аларда
Abl	менден	сенден	сизден	андан	бизден	силерден	сиздерден	алардан

In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person.

Morphemes indicating person
	pronouns	copulas	present tense	possessive endings	past/conditional	imperative
1st sg	мен	-mIn	-mIn	-(I)m	-(I)m	-AyIN
2nd sg	сен	-sIŋ	-sIŋ	-(I)ŋ	-(I)ŋ	—, -GIn
2nd formal sg	сиз	-sIz	-sIz	-(I)ŋIz	-(I)ŋIz	-GIlA
3rd sg	ал	—	-t	-(s)I(n)	—	-sIn
1st pl	биз	-BIz	-BIz	-(I)bIz	-(I)K	-AyIK
2nd pl	силер	-sIŋAr	-sIŋAr	-(I)ŋAr	-(I)ŋAr
2nd formal pl	сиздер	-sIzdAr	-sIzdAr	-(I)ŋIzdAr	-(I)nIzdAr
3rd pl	алар	—	-(I)şAt	-(s)I(n)	—	-sIn, -IşsIn

Demonstrative pronouns

Subordinate clauses

To form complement clauses, Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be rendered as "Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм" (Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym): I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1st.SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1st.SG, or roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where the verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels.

Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are the most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болоор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings.

Notes and references

^ نطقب:Glottolog
^ Kara (2003:10)
^ Washington (2007:11)
^ Washington (2006b:2)
^ Kara (2003:11)
^ Kyrgyz alphabet, language and pronunciation

Bibliography

Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895868434
Krippes, Karl A. (1998). Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz-English/English-Kyrgyz: Glossary of Terms. Hippocrene Books, New York. ISBN 0-7818-0641-0.
Library of Congress, Country Studies, Kyrgyzstan.
Comrie, Bernard. 1983. The languages of the Soviet Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Beckwith, Christopher I. 1987/1993. "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia." Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Tchoroev, Tyntchtykbek. 2003. The Kyrgyz.; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. – Chapter 4, p. 109 – 125. (ISBN 92-3-103876-1).
Washington, Jonathan North (2006b), Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony, http://jnw.name/papers/2006wi-kgvowels.pdf
Washington, Jonathan North (2007), Phonetic and Phonological Problems in Kyrgyz: A Fulbrighter's plans for gathering data in the field, http://jnw.name/papers/2007su-kyrgyz_handout.pdf

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Kyrgyz.

[1] Ferdinand, S. & Komlósi, F. 2016. Vitality of the Kyrgyz Language in Bishkek. IJORS, 5/2, pp. 210–226.
Kyrgyz language
Root Vowels and Affix Vowels: Height Effects in Kyrgyz Vowel Harmony
(Japanese) "事前学習補助教材Кыргыз тили （キルギス語）" (Kyrgyz exercises; Archive) - Japan International Cooperation Agency
The Talking Kyrgyz Phrasebook
Кыргыз тили – Kyrgyz language resources (in Russian)
Кербен Translit - Easy Kyrgyz-Cyrillic–Latin converter
Kyrgyz Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter
Kyrgyz–Russian–English Dictionary
Kyrgyz Latin Alphabet
Kyrgyz-Turkish Dictionary
Kyrgyz<>Turkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)
Russian-Kyrgyz Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary
Kyrgyz - Apertium

نطقب:Languages of Kyrgyzstan نطقب:Languages of Afghanistan نطقب:Languages of China

[Glottolog-1] نطقب:Glottolog

[2] Kara (2003:10)

[3] Washington (2007:11)

[4] Washington (2006b:2)

[kara11-5] Kara (2003:11)

[6] Kyrgyz alphabet, language and pronunciation

Kyrgyz
кыргызча قىرعىچه qırğızça кыргыз тили qırğız tili
النطق	[qɯɾʁɯztʃɑ]^[] [qɯɾʁɯz tili]^[]
موطنها	Kyrgyzstan (official), Afghanistan, Xinjiang (China), Tajikistan, Russia, Pakistan
العرق	Kyrgyz people
الناطقون الأصليون	4٫3 million (2009 census)e18
عائلة اللغات	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kyrgyz–Kipchak Kyrgyz
نظام الكتابة	Kyrgyz alphabets (Cyrillic script, Perso-Arabic script, formerly Latin, Kyrgyz Braille)
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	قيرغيزستان الصين Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture Collective Security Treaty Organization
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-1	`ky`
ISO 639-2	`kir`
ISO 639-3	`kir`
Glottolog	`kirg1245`
Linguasphere	`44-AAB-cd`
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.