شنيانگ
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شنيانگ (صينية مبسطة: 沈阳; صينية تقليدية: 瀋陽; پنين: Shěnyáng)، أومـُكـْدِن Mukden ( هي مدينة في الصين وعاصمة مقاطة لياوننگ. وتسمى أيضًا موكدن. تشكل مركزا لتجمع حضري يضم الكثير من المدن الأخرى. بلغ عدد سكانها 7.2 مليون نسمة. تعتبر "شنيانگ" مدينة صناعية شاملة وهمزة ربط للمواصلات في شمال شرقي الصين، وقاعدة وطنية لإنتاج الماكينات والأجهزة المتقدمة، تحتل صناعات الطائرات والسيارات الخفيفة ونقل وتحويل الكهرباء بها مكانة هامة في البلاد.
تقع في منشوريا على ضفة نهر هون، وتتوسط أكثر المناطق كثافة سكانية في منشوريا، حيث يبلغ عدد سكانها 4,130,000 نسمة. تتقابل في شنيانج خمسة خطوط للسكك الحديدية، وبها ثلاثة مطارات. وتنتج مصانعها المنتجات المعدنية والآلات والمعدات والطائرات.
وقد بُنِي المركز، وهوأقدم أجزاء شنيانگ، أثناء العصور الوسطى. ويتميز بشوارعه الضيقة ومبانيه القديمة، كما تُحيط به جدران حجرية عالية. ويقع خارج هذا الجزء المربع الروسي، الذي بناه الروس في أوائل سنوات القرن العشرين، عندما احتلوا شنيانگ. وقد أنشأ اليابانيون الكثير من الضواحي للمصانع والمنازل عندما غزوا منشوريا في عام 1931. وشمال شنيانگ حديقة جميلة تحتوي على مقابر الأباطرة المنشوريين الذين حكموا الأمبراطورية الصينية المترامية.
التاريخ
اسم المدينة، شنيانگ، يعني حرفياً "المدينة إلى الشمال من نهر شن"، في إشارة إلى نهر هون على الجانب الجنوبي للمدينة، والذي كان يسمى نهر شن. وتدل اللقى الأثرية على حتى البشر استقروا في ما اليوم شنيانگ منذ 7,200 سنة، على الأقل. مدينة شنيانگ أسسها لأول مرة چين كاي، القائد العسكري في يان في فترة الدويلات المتناحرة حوالي 300 ق.م. It was named as Hou City (بالصينية: 候城) at that time. وأصبحت تُعهد بإسم محافظة شن (瀋州) في أسرة جين و"درب شنيانگ" (بالصينية: 瀋陽路) في أسرة يوان. وأثناء أسرة مينگ أصبحت شنيانگ ژونگوِيْ (بالصينية: 瀋陽中衛).
في 1625، نقل زعيم المانشو، نورحاجي، عاصمته إلى شنيانگ، أوسيمييان هوتون كما تُسمى بلغة المانشو. الاسم الرسمي تغير إلى شنگجينگ (盛京) بالصينية، أوMukden بالمانشو، في 1634. الاسم مشتق من حدثة بلغة المانشو، mukdembi، وتعني "ينهض"، وينعكس ذلك المعنى في الاسم الصيني، الذي يعني "العاصمة الناهضة". وقد ظلت شنيانگ عاصمة أسرة تشينگ حتى انتنطق العاصمة إلى بـِيْجينگ في 1644 بعد سقوط أسرة مينگ. إلا أنها احتفظت بمكانة معتبرة كالعاصمة القديمة، وكنوز البيت الملكي حـُفِظت في قصورها، ومقابر الحكام المبكرين لأسرة تشينگ كانت تُعتبر في وقتٍ ما أبرز المعالم في الصين. وفي 1657، تأسست محافظة فنگتيان (بالصينية: 奉天府; پنين: Fèngtiān fǔ ؛ بالمانشو: Abkai imiyangga fu أوFungtyian، "مطيعة السماء") في منطقة شنيانگ، وأحياناً كان فنگتيان تستخدم كمرادف لحدثتي شنيانگ/موكدن. وفي 1914، تغير اسم المدينة ليعود للاسم القديم شنيانگ. إلا حتى شنيانگ تستمر في حتى تُعهد بإسم موكدن أحياناً في المصادر بالإنگليزية (وأحياناً تُخط Moukden) طوال معظم القرن العشرين.
وفي 18 سبتمبر 1931، سقطت حادثة موكدن، بالقرب من شنيانگ، وهي الحادثة التي أعطت اليابانيين مبرراً لخلق دولة مانشوكو. حيث بدأ الغزوالياباني لمنشوريا (1931) بصدام بين القوات اليابانية والصينية بالقرب من المدينة.
- أطلال شـِنلى
Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8,000 years ago. The remains of the Xinle culture, a late neolithic period society over 6,800–7,200 years old, are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, as well as one of oldest wood sculptures found anywhere in the world.
- عاصمة المانشو
In 1625, the Manchu leader Nurhaci captured Shenyang and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructures to the city, or Simiyan hoton (المانچو:
ᠰᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ) as it is called in Manchu language. The official name was changed to Shengjing (الصينية التقليدية: 盛京; پنين: Shèng Jīng; حرفياً "rising capital"), or Mukden (المانچو:
ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠨ), in 1634. The new name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi (المانچو:
ᠮᡠᡴ᠋ᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ), meaning "to rise" as reflected also by its Han Chinese name. Under Nurhaci's orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the city's emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power and grandeur.
After the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 and the routing of the Shun army in the Battle of Shanhai Pass merely a day later, the Manchus successfully entered the Shanhai Pass to establish the Qing dynasty in China proper, with the capital relocated to Beijing. However, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries. Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (الصينية التقليدية: 奉天府; پنين: Fèngtiān Fŭ; المانچو:
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᡳᠮᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡶᡠ; Möllendorff: abkai imiyangga fu; Abkai: abkai imiyangga fu or المانچو:
ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ; Möllendorff: fung tiyian; Abkai: fung tiyian) was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian (حرفياً "mandated by Heaven") was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden.
النفوذ الروسي والياباني
بعد الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى، Japan coerced the annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula with the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895, though was forced to give it up due to diplomatic pressure from the Triple Intervention. In the aftermath of the Japanese threat, Qing viceroy Li Hongzhang visited Moscow in 1896 and signed a secret treaty with Russian foreign minister Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, allowing Imperial Russia to build a Russian gauge railway in Manchuria, which opened the door towards further Russian expansionism in the form of another lease convention in 1898, effectively allowing Russia to annex Northeast China in all but name. However, after the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Russian forces used the anti-foreigner insurgency as a pretext to formally invade and occupied most of Manchuria, and Mukden became a Russian stronghold in the Far East with the building of the South Manchurian Railway.
خلال الحرب الروسية اليابانية (1904—1905)، كانت موكدن مسقط معركة موكدن من 19 فبراير إلىعشرة مارس 1905. Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and also the largest modern-era battle ever fought in Asia before World War II. Following the Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern Manchuria. It also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910.
فترة أمراء الحرب والاحتلال الياباني
In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang, but continued to be known as Mukden (sometimes spelled Moukden) in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling "MOUKDEN/奉天" for usage on international mails until the late 1920s. After that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type "SHENYANG (MUKDEN)/瀋陽 (奉天)" datestamp was used until 1933.
ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية
Under Marshal of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilevsky, the Far East Command of Soviet forces entered Manchuria in early August 1945 following the surrender of Japan. On 16 August 1945, Manchurian Emperor Puyi was captured in Shenyang Airport by the Soviet Red Army while he was in an airplane fleeing to Japan. On 20 August, Soviet troops captured Shenyang. British and US reports indicate that the Soviet troops that occupied Northeast China and Eastern Inner Mongolia region looted and terrorized the people of Shenyang, and were not discouraged by Soviet authorities from "three days of rape and pillage". The Soviets were replaced by the Nationalist Chinese, who were flown in on U.S. transport planes. During the Chinese Civil War, Shenyang remained a Kuomintang stronghold from 1946 to 1948, although the Chinese communists controlled the surrounding countryside. It was captured by the communists on October 30, 1948, following a series of offensives known as the Liaoshen Campaign.
Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang has somehow managed to grow and increase its industrial might, despite consecutive wars with Russia and Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Second World War, and China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists). The city never came to an economic halt until the 1990s, when its massive factories went bankrupt and left millions jobless, which was well documented in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks.
الجغرافيا
المناخ
شنيانگ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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جدول طقس (التفسير) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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بيانات مناخ شنيانگ (normals 1971–2000, extremes 1961–2000) | |||||||||||||
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الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 4.8 (40.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
20.0 (68) |
29.3 (84.7) |
34.3 (93.7) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.1 (97) |
35.7 (96.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
12.8 (55) |
5.5 (41.9) |
39٫3 (102٫7) |
العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.2 (81) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
23.6 (74.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
14٫0 (57٫3) |
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -11.0 (12.2) |
-6.9 (19.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
10.2 (50.4) |
17.1 (62.8) |
22.0 (71.6) |
24.7 (76.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
17.5 (63.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
0.3 (32.5) |
-7.5 (18.5) |
8٫4 (47٫1) |
الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | −16.1 (3) |
−12.2 (10) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
3٫4 (38٫0) |
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −33.1 (-27.6) |
−27.2 (-17) |
−21.7 (-7.1) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
6.9 (44.4) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−22.5 (-8.5) |
−30.2 (-22.4) |
−33٫1 (-27٫6) |
هطول mm (inches) | 6.0 (0.236) |
7.0 (0.276) |
17.9 (0.705) |
39.4 (1.551) |
53.8 (2.118) |
92.0 (3.622) |
165.5 (6.516) |
161.8 (6.37) |
74.7 (2.941) |
43.3 (1.705) |
19.2 (0.756) |
9.8 (0.386) |
690٫4 (27٫181) |
% Humidity | 60 | 55 | 53 | 52 | 55 | 67 | 78 | 78 | 71 | 65 | 63 | 61 | 63٫2 |
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.5 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 11.9 | 13.5 | 10.9 | 7.6 | 6.7 | 5.4 | 3.8 | 89٫3 |
Sunshine hours | 162.5 | 179.3 | 221.8 | 236.3 | 256.0 | 238.6 | 206.8 | 218.8 | 228.4 | 212.3 | 161.0 | 146.2 | 2٬468 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration, all-time extreme temperature |
أحياء ومناطق المدينة
الخريطة | ||||||
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الاسم | الصينية المبسطة | هانيوپنين | التعداد (2010) |
المساحة (كم²) | الكثافة (/كم²) | |
المدينة نفسها | ||||||
مديرية شنهى | 沈河区 | Shěnhé Qū | 849,267 | 18 | 47,182 | |
مديرية هىپـِنگ | 和平区 | Hépíng Qū | 700,992 | 21 | 33,381 | |
Dadong District | 大东区 | Dàdōng Qū | 782,867 | 51 | 15,350 | |
Huanggu District | 皇姑区 | Huánggū Qū | 925,176 | 37 | 25,005 | |
Tiexi District | 铁西区 | Tiěxī Qū | 1,017,564 | 39 | 26,091 | |
الضواحي | ||||||
Sujiatun District | 苏家屯区 | Sūjiātún Qū | 474,779 | 776 | 612 | |
مديرية هوننان | 浑南区 | Húnnán Qū | 411,110 | 896 | 459 | |
Shenbei New District | 沈北新区 | Shěnběi Xīnqū | 423,323 | 852 | 497 | |
Yuhong District | 于洪区 | Yúhóng Qū | 670,843 | 774 | 867 | |
Liaozhong District | 辽中区 | Liáozhōng Qū | 476,081 | 1,670 | 285 | |
المدن الساتلة | ||||||
Xinmin | 新民市 | Xīnmín Shì | 657,763 | 3,315 | 198 | |
الريف | ||||||
Kangping County | 康平县 | Kāngpíng Xiàn | 316,819 | 2,173 | 146 | |
ناحية فاكو | 法库县 | Fǎkù Xiàn | 399,587 | 2,320 | 172 |
مديرية شنهى
مديرية هىپـِنگ (和平区/和平區 Hépíng Qū)
مناطق التسوق
الاقتصاد
Shenyang is an important industrial center in China and is the core city of Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics. The heavy industry started in the 1920s and was well developed before the second world war. During the first five-year plan (1951–1956) many factories were built in Tiexi district. At its peak in the 1970s, Shenyang was one of the top three industrial centers in China alongside Shanghai and Tianjin, and was at one time being considered for upgrading to a direct-controlled municipality. However, as the planned economy fell out of favor after the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became a rust belt city, with hundreds of thousands of people laid off from bankrupted state-owned factories. However, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to the central government's "Revitalize Northeast China" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries. Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.
The services sector — especially banking — has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has several foreign banks, such as South Korea's Hana Bank, Japan's Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Hong Kong's Bank of East Asia, Singapore's United Overseas Bank and the Britain-based HSBC. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 non-bank financial institutions.[]
The city has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (hongqing, efei, nshan, aanshan, ingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.
Shenyang has three development zones:
- Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone
- Shenyang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
- Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone
Numerous major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang. Brilliance Auto is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang.Shenyang Aircraft Corporation produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the PLAAF.Neusoft Group is the biggest software company in China. Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool manufacturer in China.Tyco International, General Motors and Michelin Shenyang Tyre Corporation are expanding their operations in Shenyang.
The total GDP of the city of Shenyang is 383.66 billion yuan in year 2009 (ranked 1st out of the 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province). The GDP per capita of the city of Shenyang is 78490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).
المدن الشقيقة
المدن التالية مشاركة في توأمة البلدات مع شنيانگ:
- ساپورو، اليابان (1980)
- كاواساكي، اليابان (1981)
- تورينو، إيطاليا (1985)
- شيكاغو، الولايات المتحدة (1985)
- إركوتسك، روسيا (1992)
- كويزون سيتي، الفلپين (1993)
- رمات گان، إسرائيل (1993)
- Monterrey، المكسيك (1993)
- Seongnam، كوريا الجنوبية (1998)
- ياونده، الكامرون (1998)
- Katowice، پولندا (2007)
- Gumi, South Korea
- لڤركوزن، ألمانيا
- دوسلدورف، ألمانيا
انظر أيضاً
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- Unit 100
المصادر
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- ^ Kunming Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ Archaeology of Asia, pp.129
- ^ Ebrey (2010), pp. 220–224.
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^ 刘思铎、陈伯超 (2013). "奉天省咨议局建筑特点研究". 《华中建筑》 (4).
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(help) - ^ "沈阳市沈河区外经贸之窗". 中华人民共和国商务部. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
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- ^ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
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^ Christian Science Monitor, 12 October 1945.
Japanese armies were guilty of appalling excesses, both in China and elsewhere, and had the Russians dealt harshly with only Japanese nationals in Manchuria this would have appeared as just retribution. But the indiscriminate looting and raping inflicted upon the unoffending Chinese by the Russians naturally aroused the keenest indignation. - ^ F. C. Jones (1949). "Chapter XII – Events in Manchuria, 1945–47". (PDF). London, Oxford University Press: Royal Institute of International Affairs. pp. 224–5, 227–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2014-02-12. (The relevant sections also appear at Talk:Soviet invasion of Manchuria/Events in Manchuria, 1945-47)
- ^ Hannah Pakula (2009). . Simon and Schuster. p. 530. ISBN . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ Dieter Heinzig (2004). . M.E. Sharpe. p. 82. ISBN . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ Robyn Lim (2003). . Psychology Press. p. 86. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Ronald H. Spector (2008). . Random House, Inc. p. 33. ISBN . Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ^ 于化庭 (2008), "沈阳的解放与成功接管", 《党史纵横》 (8)
- ^ "1948年,沈阳解放改变了中国与世界". 《沈阳晚报》. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
- ^ "1948年11月2日 沈阳解放". 中国新闻周刊网. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
- ^ 張明金、劉立勤 (2007). 《國民黨歷史上的158個軍》. 北京: 解放軍出版社.
- ^ 朱悦鹏. 《东北解放战争纪实》. 北京: 长征出版社.
- ^ 文史资料研究委员会 (April 1992). 辽沈战役亲历记 -原国民党将领的回忆 (1992年版 ed.). Beijing: Chinese Literature and History Press. ISBN .
- ^ CATSOULIS, Jeannette (2012-02-12). "West of the Tracks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةMherrera
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