كلوج-ناپوكا
"Cluj" تحوِّل إلى هنا. إذا أردت the county، انظر Cluj County. إذا أردت الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Cluj (توضيح).
Coordinates:
Cluj-Napoca | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Nickname(s): Treasure City
(بالرومانية: orașul comoară;بالمجرية: kincses város) | |
|
Location of Cluj-Napoca
| |
| الإحداثيات: | |
| Country | رومانيا |
| County | نطقب:RO-CJ |
| Metropolitan area | Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area |
| Status | County capital |
| Founded | 1213 (first official record as Clus) |
| الحكم | |
| • Mayor | Emil Boc (PDL) |
| • Deputy Mayor | Gheorghe Șurubaru (PDL) |
| • Deputy Mayor | Anna Horváth (UDMR) |
| المساحة | |
| • City | 179٫5 كم² (69٫3 ميل²) |
| • العمران | 1٬537٫5 كم² (593٫6 ميل²) |
| التعداد(2011 census) | |
| • City | 324٬576 |
| • الكثافة | 1٬808/km2 (4٬680/sq mi) |
| • العمرانية | 411٬379 |
| منطقة التوقيت | EET (التوقيت العالمي المنسق+2) |
| • الصيفي | EEST (UTC+3) |
| Postal Code | 400xyz1 |
| مفتاح الهاتف | +40 x642 |
| Car Plates | CJ-N3 |
| المسقط الإلكتروني | primariaclujnapoca.ro |
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1x, y, and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street, or even the building of the address 2x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, Romtelecom, and ثلاثة for the other ground telephone networks 3used just on the plates of vehicles that operate only within the city limits (such as trolley buses, trams, utility vehicles, ATVs, etc.) | |
كلوج-ناپوكا (النطق بالرومانية: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ( استمع); بالألمانية: Klausenburg; بالمجرية: Kolozsvár, النطق في المجرية: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ( استمع); Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; باليديشية: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg) تقع شمال-غرب رومانيا وهي عاصمة محافظة كلوج في إقليم ترانسيلفانيا وتعتبر من أبرز عواصم التاريخية لهذا الإقليم. تعتبر مركز إقتصادي وثقافي هام, بالإضافة كونها عقدة مواصلات مهمة في رومانيا.
التسمية
كانت تسمى بالرومانية كلوج فقط حتى عام 1970 حيث أضيفت تسمية نابوكا .
عدد السكان
في 2008 كان عدد سكانها 309,300 نسمة حيث هي في المرتبة الثالثة بعد بوخارست وتيميشوارا, يذكر حتى حوالي 60.000 من الهنغار يعيشون في هذه المدينة.
History
Roman Empire
Napoca on the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
Middle Ages
"Claudiopolis, Coloswar vulgo Clausenburg, Transilvaniæ civitas primaria". Gravure of medieval Cluj by Georg Houfnagel (1617)
The Palace of Justice
Cluj-Napoca in the Grand Duchy of Transylvania maps, 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme
20th century
The New York Palace
Cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue
Central Cluj-Napoca in 1930
King Ferdinand Street
Geography
Old casino in the Central Park
The banks of the Someșul Mic River
Main greenhouse within the local botanical garden
Surroundings
Turda Gorges (south-east of Cluj) seen from the west end
Bánffy Castle (north-east of Cluj) is currently being restored.
Typical rural houses in Mănăstireni, west of Cluj.
Salina Turda
المناخ
| بيانات مناخ Cluj-Napoca | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 14.0 (57.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
38٫0 (100٫4) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 0.3 (32.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
15.0 (59) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
20.7 (69.3) |
14.6 (58.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
1.8 (35.2) |
13٫6 (56٫5) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -3.4 (25.9) |
-1.2 (29.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.0 (48.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.8 (64) |
14.1 (57.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
-1.5 (29.3) |
8٫2 (46٫8) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -6.5 (20.3) |
-4.7 (23.5) |
-0.6 (30.9) |
3.9 (39) |
8.6 (47.5) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.2 (54) |
8.9 (48) |
3.8 (38.8) |
-0.7 (30.7) |
-4.2 (24.4) |
3٫7 (38٫7) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -34.2 (-29.6) |
-32.5 (-26.5) |
-22.0 (-7.6) |
-8.4 (16.9) |
-3.5 (25.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
-3.0 (26.6) |
-8.8 (16.2) |
-22.3 (-8.1) |
-27.9 (-18.2) |
-34٫2 (-29٫6) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 24 (0.94) |
20 (0.79) |
22 (0.87) |
48 (1.89) |
69 (2.72) |
95 (3.74) |
81 (3.19) |
60 (2.36) |
36 (1.42) |
31 (1.22) |
30 (1.18) |
32 (1.26) |
548 (21٫57) |
| سقوط الثلج cm (inches) | 6.0 (2.36) |
11.5 (4.53) |
5.8 (2.28) |
1.3 (0.51) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.0 (0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
2.6 (1.02) |
5.8 (2.28) |
33٫5 (13٫19) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 91 |
| Sunshine hours | 70.9 | 98.8 | 165.2 | 174.7 | 230.8 | 238.6 | 273.8 | 261.6 | 204.8 | 166.2 | 74.9 | 54.7 | 2٬015٫0 |
| Source #1: NOAA | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000) | |||||||||||||
Law and government
Administration
Cluj-Napoca City Hall
Local council composition 2012 election:
██ Social Liberal Union (12) ██ Democratic Liberal Party (10) ██ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (4) ██ People's Party - Dan Diaconescu (1)
██ Social Liberal Union (12) ██ Democratic Liberal Party (10) ██ Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (4) ██ People's Party - Dan Diaconescu (1)
Map of Cluj-Napoca's districts (2007)
| Party | Seats | Current Council | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Liberal Union | 12 | |||||||||||||
| Democratic Liberal Party | 10 | |||||||||||||
| Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania | 4 | |||||||||||||
| People's Party – Dan Diaconescu | 1 | |||||||||||||
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Demographics
| Historical population of Cluj-Napoca | |||||||||||||
| Year | Population | %± | Romanians | Hungarians | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1453 est. | 6,000 | — | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1703 | 7,500 | 25% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1714 | 5,000 | −33.3% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1770 | 10,500 | 110% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1785 | 9,703 | −7.6% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1787 | 10,476 | 7.9% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1835 | 14,000 | 33.6% | n/a | n/a | |||||||||
| 1850 | 19,612 | 40% | 21.0% | 62.8% | |||||||||
| 1880 | 32,831 | 67.4% | 17.1% | 72.1% | |||||||||
| 1890 | 37,184 | 13.2% | 15.2% | 79.1% | |||||||||
| 1900 | 50,908 | 36.9% | 14.1% | 81.1% | |||||||||
| 1910 census | 62,733 | 23.2% | 14.2% | 81.6% | |||||||||
| 1920 | 85,509 | 36.3% | 34.7% | 49.3% | |||||||||
| 1930 census | 100,844 | 17.9% | 34.6% | 47.3% | |||||||||
| 1941 | 114,984 | 14% | 9.8% | 85.7% | |||||||||
| 1948 census | 117,915 | 2.5% | 40% | 57% | |||||||||
| 1956 census | 154,723 | 31.2% | 47.8% | 47.9% | |||||||||
| 1966 census | 185,663 | 20% | 56.5% | 41.4% | |||||||||
| 1977 census | 262,858 | 41.5% | 65.8% | 32.8% | |||||||||
| 1992 census | 328,602 | 25% | 76.6% | 22.7% | |||||||||
| 2002 census | 317,953 | −3.2% | 79.4% | 19.0% | |||||||||
| 2011 census | 324,576 | 2.1% | 81.5% | 16.4% | |||||||||
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Source (if not otherwise specified): | |||||||||||||
St. Michael's Church, the city's largest Gothic-style church
الجالية المجرية
Matthias Corvinus Alley, facing the birthplace of the eponymous King of Hungary
Economy
Eroilor Avenue, the largest and most expensive commercial street
The Ursus Brewery, where a popular Romanian beer is produced
Promenade area in Unirii Square, where scalpers once plied their trade
Regele Ferdinand Avenue, another large commercial street
Arts and culture
Visual arts
Avram Iancu Square
Performing arts
Lucian Blaga National Theatre
Contemporary architecture
The "Biscuit Building"
الإعلام والثقافة الشعبية
A newspaper kiosk in the central area
Hungarian- and Romanian-language newspapers published in Cluj-Napoca
Education
The Central University Library
The main building of Babeș-Bolyai University
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Cluj-Napoca is twinned with:
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Footnotes
a. The engraving, dating back to 1617, was executed by Georg Houfnagel after the painting of Egidius van der Rye (the original was done in the workshop of Braun and Hagenberg).
b. After Transylvania united with Romania in 1918–1920, an exodus of Hungarian inhabitants occurred. Also, the city grew and many people moved in from the surrounding area and Cluj County as a whole, populated largely by Romanians.
c. In August 1940, as the second Vienna Award transferred the northern half of Transylvania to Hungary, an exile of Romanian inhabitants began.
d. The 1941 Hungarian census is considered unreliable by most historians. In 1941, Cluj had 16,763 Jews. They were forced into ghettos in 1944 by the Hungarian authorities and deported to Auschwitz in May–June 1944.
e. In the 1960s a determined policy of industrialisation was initiated. Many people from the surrounding rural areas (largely Romanian) moved into the city, giving Cluj a Romanian majority.
f. Data refer to those for whom ethnicity is available, and do not include the 23,165 individuals (7.1% of the city's population) for whom such data are unavailable.
See also
- List of people from Cluj-Napoca
Notes
- ^ "Portretul unui oraș" (in Romanian). Clujeanul. 21 September 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2008.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "A kincses város" (in Hungarian). UFI. December 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2008.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "Rezultate definitive ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011 – analiza". Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate.خمسة July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele finale ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011". Cluj County Regional Statistics Directorate.خمسة July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
- ^ Bunbury 1879, p. 516.
- ^ "Cluj Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ^ "Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- ^ Pascu 1974, p.102
- ^ Pascu 1974, pp.222–3
- ^ Pascu et al. 1957, p.60
- ^ Trócsányi, Zsolt. "History of Transylvania". Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
- ^ Jakab Elek, Kolozsvar Tortenete, II, Okleveltar, Budapesta, 1888, p.750
- ^ Katona Lajos, Kolozsvar terulete es nepessege, in "Kolozsvari Szemle", 1943, no.4, p.294
- ^ Brubaker, Rogers (24 September 2008). "Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town" (PDF). National Program Excellent University. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةpopulation-2002 - ^ "Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune". National Institute of Statistics.خمسة July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةvarga-arpad - ^ "Orașe infrățite". Cluj-Napoca City Hall. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
-
^ "Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471". Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (البرتغالية)
- ^ Marius Mureșan (13 January 2009). "Municipiul Cluj-Napoca s-a înfrățit cu orașul Valdivia, din Chile" (in Romanian). Napoca News. Retrieved 28 June 2012.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
References
- Gh. Lazarovici, D. Alicu, C. Pop, I. Hica, P. Iambor, Șt. Matei, E. Glodaru, I. Ciupea, Gh. Bodea (1997). Cluj-Napoca – Inima Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Studia. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Gheorghe Bodea (2002). Clujul vechi și nou. Cluj-Napoca: ProfImage. ISBN .
- Rogers Brubaker, Margit Feischmidt, Jon Fox & Liana Grancea (2006). "Introduction" (PDF). . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1879). . London: John Murray, Albemarle Street.
- Lukács József (2005). Povestea orașului-comoară. Scurtă istorie a Clujului și monumentelor sale. Cluj-Napoca: Apostrof. ISBN .
- Raoul Șorban (2003). Invazie de stafii. Însemnări și mărturisiri despre o altă parte a vieții. Bucharest: Meridiane. ISBN .
- Dorin Alicu (2003). Județul Cluj – trecut și prezent. Cluj-Napoca: ProfImage. ISBN .
- Dorin Alicu, Ion Ciupea, Mihai Cojocneanu, Eugenia Glodariu, Ioana Hica, Petre Iambor, Gheorghe Lazărov (1995). Cluj-Napoca, de la începuturi până azi. Cluj-Napoca: Clusium. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Cluj-Napoca=Claudiopolis. Bucharest: Noi Media Print. 2004.
- Cluj-Napoca – Ghid. Sedona. 2002.
- Ștefan Pascu, Iosif Pataki, Vasile Popa (1957). Clujul.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Ștefan Pascu, Viorica Marica (1969). Clujul medieval. Bucharest: Meridiane.
- Ștefan Pascu (1974). Istoria Clujului. Bucharest.
- Aurel Anton, Iuliua Cosma, Vasile Popa, Gheorghe Voișanu (1973). Cluj. Ghid turistic al județului. Bucharest: Editura pentru Turism.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Simon András, Gáll Enikõ, Tonk Sandor, Laszlo Tamas, Maxim Aurelian, Jancsik Peter, Coroiu Teodora (2003). Atlasul localităților județului Cluj. Cluj-Napoca: Suncart.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Cluj-Napoca, orașul comoară al Transilvaniei, România". CLUJonline.com. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- "O istorie inedită a Clujului". ReMARK ltd. Archived from the original on ثلاثة February 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- "Anuarul Institutului de Istorie "George Bariț" din Cluj-Napoca". "George Bariț" History Institute, Cluj-Napoca / Romanian Academy. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Cluj-Napoca. |
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cluj-Napoca. |
ابحث عن Cluj-Napoca في
قاموس الفهم.
قاموس الفهم.
Official websites
- Cluj-Napoca: Official administration site (Romanian)
- Cluj County Prefecture (Romanian)
- Cluj-Napoca Local Civic Council (Romanian)
- CTP (Public Transport Company) official website (Romanian)
- Cluj-Napoca International Airport (إنگليزية) (Romanian)
City guides
- Interactive map, directory and various connected to the city (إنگليزية) (Romanian) (مجرية) (بالعربية) (بالألمانية) (بالإسپانية) {{{1 , {{{2 (بالفرنسية) (Italian) (هولندية) (بالروسية) (لغة هجرية)
- Road map of the access points to Cluj-Napoca
Photos
- Flickr – Cluj-Napoca
Panorama over western districts, taken from "Tăietura Turcului"
نطقب:Cities in Cluj county نطقب:PlacesCluj نطقب:Companies in Cluj-Napoca
