المندرينية هي اللغة الرسمية في جمهورية الصين الشعبية وتستخدم في تايوان و سنغافورة والجدير بالذكر ان المندرينية تحتوي على عدد كبير من اللهجات وتستخدم بكثرة في شمال وجنوب غرب الصين.

Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin, Standard Mandarin, Modern Standard Mandarin Chinese (MSMC), or simply Mandarin, is a standard variety of Chinese that is one of the official languages of China. Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. The similar Taiwanese Mandarin is a national language of Taiwan. Standard Singaporean Mandarin is one of the four official languages of Singapore.

Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a tonal language with topic-prominent organization and subject–verb–object word order. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants and tones than southern varieties. Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words.

Standard Chinese is a standardised form of the language called Putonghua in Mainland China. Guoyu (Standard Taiwanese Mandarin) is a similar linguistic standard in Taiwan. Aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters (plus Hanyu Pinyin romanization for teaching), and Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters (plus Zhuyin for teaching). Many characters are identical between the two systems.

Names

In Chinese, the standard variety is known as:

• 普通话 (الصينية التقليدية: 普通話; پن‌ين: Pǔtōnghuà; حرفياً "common speech") in the People's Republic of China, as well as Hong Kong and Macau;
• 國語 (الصينية المبسطة: 国语; پن‌ين: Guóyǔ; حرفياً "national language") in Taiwan, elsewhere in the Chinese diaspora and in some contexts in the People's Republic of China;
• 華語 (الصينية المبسطة: 华语; پن‌ين: Huáyǔ; حرفياً "Chinese language") in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the rest of Southeast Asia and in some contexts in the People's Republic of China and Taiwan; and
• 漢語 (الصينية المبسطة: 汉语; پن‌ين: Hànyǔ; حرفياً "language of the Han Chinese") in the United States and elsewhere in the Chinese diaspora and also commonly used in the People's Republic of China.

Standard Chinese is also commonly referred to by generic names for "Chinese", notably بالصينية: 中文; پن‌ين: Zhōngwén; حرفياً "Middle [i.e. Chinese] writing", بالصينية: 官話; پن‌ين: Guānhuà; حرفياً "Mandarin language" and الصينية المبسطة: 中国话; الصينية التقليدية: 中國話; پن‌ين: Zhōngguóhuà; حرفياً "Middle Kingdom [i.e. China] speech" (compare الصينية المبسطة: 英文; پن‌ين: Yīngwén; حرفياً "English writing" for English, and بالصينية: 英国; پن‌ين: Yīngguó; حرفياً "English country [i.e. England]"). In total, there have been known over 20 various names for the language.

مخارج البدء

The following is the initial inventory of Standard Mandarin as represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

¹/ɻ/ is often transcribed as [ʐ] (a voiced retroflex fricative). This represents a variation in pronunciation among different speakers, rather than two different phonemes.

Corresponding chart in:

• Pinyin
• Zhuyin
• Gwoyeu Romatzyh

مخارج الانتهاء

There are at least the following phones:

• [a] (only in finals [a], [ia], [ua], [ya], [aɪ], [uaɪ], [uan])
• [ɑ] (only in finals [ɑʊ], [iɑʊ], [ɑŋ], [iɑŋ], [uɑŋ])
• [e] (only in finals [eɪ] and [ueɪ])
• [ɛ] (only in finals [iɛ], [iɛn], [yɛn] and in the isolated word [ɛ])
• [œ] (only in final [yœ])
• [o] (only in finals [ou] and [iou])
• [ɔ] (only in final [uɔ] and in the isolated word [ɔ])
• [ə] (only in finals [ən], [uən], [əŋ], [uəŋ])
• [ɤ] (only in final [ɤ])
• [z̩] (only in final [z̩], which occurs only after alveolar sibilants; sometimes pronounced as [ɨ])
• [ʐ̩] (only in final [ʐ̩̩], which occurs only after retroflex sibilants; sometimes pronounced as [ɨ])
• [i] (only in finals [i], [in], [iŋ])
• [ʊ] (only in finals [ʊŋ], [yʊŋ])
• [u] (only in final [u])
• [y] (only in final [y], [yn])

This shows fourteen different vowels. By very conservative standards, this represents a system of eight phonemes: /a/ ([a]/[ɑ]), /e/ ([e]/[ɛ]), /o/ ([o]/[ɔ]), /ə/ ([ə]/[ɤ]), /z̩/([z̩]/[ʐ̩]), /i/, /u/ ([ʊ]/[u]), and /y/.

When the medial, nucleus, and coda combine into a final, their pronunciations may be affected. The following is the full table of finals of Standard Mandarin in the IPA:

¹ Both pinyin and zhuyin have an additional "o", used after "b p m f", which is distinguished from "uo", used after everything else. "o" is generally put into the first column instead of the third. However, in Beijing pronunciation, these are identical.
² Another way to represent the four finals of this line is: [ɯʌ iɛ uɔ yœ], which reflects Beijing pronunciation.
³ /uɤŋ/ is pronounced [ʊŋ] when it follows an initial.

Corresponding chart in:

• Pinyin
• Zhuyin
• Gwoyeu Romatzyh

A table of valid initial and final combinations can also be seen at:

• Pinyin table
• Zhuyin table

المخارج النغمية

مقارنة حدثات

انظر أيضاً

• Mandarin (linguistics)
• Naples Eastern University
• لهجة بيجينگ
• النحوالصيني
• Mandarin slang
• Chinese speech synthesis

هامش

المصادر

• Branner, David Prager (ed.) (2006). The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology. Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series IV: Current Issues in Linguistic Theory; 271. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Chao, Y.R., A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, University of California Press, (Berkeley), 1968.
• Hsia, T., China’s Language Reforms, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956.
• Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
• Ladefoged, Peter; & Wu, Zhongji. (1984). Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. Journal of Phonetics, 12, 267-278.
• Lehmann, W.P. (ed.), Language & Linguistics in the People’s Republic of China, University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975.
• Lin, Y., Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
• Milsky, C., "New Developments in Language Reform", The China Quarterly, No.53, (January-March 1973), pp.98-133.
• Norman, J., Chinese, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
• Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01468-X
• San Duanmu (2000) The Phonology of Standard Chinese ISBN 0-19-824120-8
• Seybolt, P.J. & Chiang, G.K. (eds.), Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary, M.E. Sharpe, (White Plains), 1979.
• Simon, W., A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary Of The National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition, Lund Humphries, (London), 1975.

وصلات خارجية

• General Introduction of Chinese Language
• Studying Chinese Language and Chinese Culture (Online Forum)

المصادر

• ويكيبديا