قائمة أقدم الأشجار

پاندو، هي مستعمرة أشجار عمرها 80,000 سنة من نوع quaking aspen، هي أقدم شجرة مستنسخة معروفة، توجد في يوتا، الولايات المتحدة

"شجرة الحياة" في جنوب أفريقيا، يبلغ عمرها 2,000 سنة.

تحتوي هذه الموضوعة قائمة "أقدم الأشجار المعروفة" في العالم كما وردت من مصادر موثوقة. هذا وتختلف التعريفات المعتمدة لاعتبار شجرة معينة كشجرة معمرة. إضافة لذلك، تشتق أعمار الأشجار من مصادر مختلفة، بما في ذلك اعتماد عدد الحلقات الدائرية في جذع الشجرة، والرجوع إلى التقديرات. لهذه الأسباب، تعرض هذه الموضوعة ثلاثة قوائم لأقدم الأشجار حسب معايير مختلفة.

هناك ثلاثة جداول من الأشجار ، والتي يتم سردها حسب العمر والأنواع. يتضمن الجدول الأول الأشجار التي تم تحديد الحد الأدنى لسنها بشكل مباشر ، إما من خلال العد أوالإسناد الترافقي حلقات الشجرة أومن خلال مواعدة الكربون المشع. قد تكون الكثير من هذه الأشجار أكبر من أعمارهم المدرجة في القائمة ، ولكن أقدم الخشب في الشجرة قد تعثر. بالنسبة إلى بعض الأشجار القديمة ، يفتقد جزء كبير من المركز بحيث لا يمكن تحديد عمرهم بشكل مباشر. بدلاً من ذلك ، يتم إجراء التقديرات بناءً على حجم الشجرة ومعدل النموالمفترض. يتضمن الجدول الثاني الأشجار مع هذه الأعمار المقدرة. بينما يسرد الجدول الأخير مستعمرات clonal التي قد لاقد يكون فيها جذوع الأشجار الفردية قديمة بشكل ملحوظ ولكن يُعتقد حتى الكائن ككل قديم جدًا.

تعتبر أشجار الصنوبر المعمر الموجودة في كاليفورنيا ونيفادا في الولايات المتحدة أقدم الأشجار المعمرة في العالم بحسب السجلات والمرجعيات المتنوعة، وأشهرها اعتماد الحلقات الدائرية والتي تشير إلى حتى عمرها يزيد عن 5000 عام.

يمكن حتى تعيش مستعمرة مستنسخة لفترة أطول بكثير من شجرة فردية. مستعمرة مكونة من 47000 quing aspen أشجار (الملقب پاندو ) ، تغطي 106 أكرs (43 ها) في Forestlake National Forest من يوتا ، تعتبر واحدة من أقدم وأكبر الكائنات الحية في العالم. قدرت المستعمرة بعمر 80،000 عام ، على الرغم من حتى عينات حلقات الأشجار لا تتعدى تاريخ الأشجار الفردية ، فوق الأرض ، بمعدل 130 عامًا فقط. تقدر مستعمرة Huon pine التي تغطي 2.5 أكرs (1.0 ها) في Mount Read (Tasmania) بحوالي 10000 عام ، على النحوالذي تحدده عينات DNA المأخوذة من حبوب اللقاح جمعت من رواسب بحيرة قريبة. يرجع تاريخ الأشجار الفردية في هذه المجموعة إلى ما لا يزيد عن 4000 عام ، على النحوالذي تحدده عينات حلقات الأشجار.

أشجار منفردة بأعمار محققة

Name	Age (years)	Species	Location	Country	Notes
Prometheus (WPN-114)	4900 !4,900+	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	Wheeler Peak, Nevada	United States	Cut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.
Methuselah	&&&&&&&&&&&04851.&&&&&04٬851	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	White Mountains (California)	United States	It is the oldest-known living tree in the world.
Gran Abuelo	&&&&&&&&&&&03649.&&&&&03٬649	Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides	Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos	Chile	Alive. Located within Alerce Costero National Park.
CBR26	3266 !3,266	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.
D-21	3220 !3,220	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.
D-23	3075 !3,075	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.
CMC 3	3033 !3,033	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.
Scofield Juniper	2675 !2,675	Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Dead.
BLK227	2625 !2,625	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)	United States
CB-90-11	&&&&&&&&&&&02462.&&&&&02٬462	Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristata	central Colorado	United States
Panke Baobab	2419 !2,419	African Baobab Adansonia digitata	Matabeleland North	Zimbabwe	Dead in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi	2305 !2,305	Sacred fig Ficus religiosa	Anuradhapura, North Central Province	Sri Lanka	A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.
?	2200 !2,200	Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens	northern California	United States	Dead.
Bennett Juniper	2200 !2,200	Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis	Sierra Nevada, California	United States
SHP 7	2110 !2,110	Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada California	United States
BLK232	2089 !2,089	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)	United States
?	&&&&&&&&&&&01946.&&&&&01٬946	Subalpine Larch Larix lyallii	Kananaskis, Alberta	Canada
CRE 175	1889 !1,889	Rocky Mountain Juniper Juniperus scopulorum	northern New Mexico	United States
Miles Juniper	&&&&&&&&&&&01831.&&&&&01٬831	Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis	Sierra Nevada, California	United States
Jōmon Sugi	&&&&&&&&&&&01808.&&&&&01٬808	Sugi Cryptomeria japonica	Yakushima Island	Japan
KET 3996	&&&&&&&&&&&01722.&&&&&01٬722	Limber Pine Pinus flexilis	Ketchum, Idaho	United States
BFR-46	1697 !1,697	Limber Pine Pinus flexilis	Wasatch Mountains, Utah	United States
FL117	&&&&&&&&&&&01681.&&&&&01٬681	Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis	Ontario	Canada
ERE	1670 !1,670	Limber Pine Pinus flexilis	northern New Mexico	United States
RCR 1	1666 !1,666	Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada, California	United States
?	1661 !1,661	Limber Pine Pinus flexilis	South Park (Park County, Colorado)	United States
BBL 2	1649 !1,649	Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana	Sierra Nevada, California	United States
BCK 69	&&&&&&&&&&&01653.&&&&&01٬653	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Bladen County, North Carolina	United States
?	1636 !1,636	Nootka Cypress Callitropsis nootkatensis	Vancouver Island	Canada
FL101	1567 !1,567	Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis	Ontario	Canada
?	1542 !1,542	Limber Pine Pinus flexilis	central Colorado	United States

أقدم الأشجار مع تقدير لأعمارهم

'ملاحظة:' أعمار الأشجار في هذه القائمة تعتمد علي المقاربة وربما لا يمكن الاعتماد عليها.

الاسم	العمر (بالسنين)	النوع	المسقط	البلد	Notes
?	&&&&&&&&&&&05069.&&&&&05٬069	Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva	White Mountains (California)	United States	Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.
Llangernyw Yew	4,000–5,000	Common Yew Taxus baccata	Llangernyw, Conwy	Wales	Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh	4,500	Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens	Abarkuh, Yazd	Iran	Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",
Koca Porsuk	4,112	Yew Taxus baccata	Zonguldak	Turkey	Alive, found in 2016.
The Ancient Yew	4,000	Yew Taxus baccata	Tisbury, Wiltshire	England	37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.
The Senator	3,500	Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens	Longwood, Florida	United States	Destroyed in January 2012 by an addicted former model, who was taking illegal drugs inside the hollow tree and lit a fire to look for her things. She took photos of the fire with her cellphone and later sent them to friends, ultimately leading to her arrest.
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)	3,350	European olive tree Olea europea L. var. europaea	Mouriscas, Abrantes	Portugal	Alive.
The President	3200 !3,200	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Sierra Nevada, California	United States	Alive.
Fortingall Yew	3,000	Common Yew Taxus baccata	Fortingall, Perthshire	Scotland	Alive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.
Alishan Sacred Tree	3,000	Formosan cypress Chamaecyparis formosensis	Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi	Taiwan	Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.
S’Ozzastru	3,000–4,000	Olive Olea europaea	Luras, Sardinia	Italy
Patriarca da Floresta (pt)	3,020	Jequitibá-rosa Cariniana legalis	Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo	Brazil	Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.
Raintree	3,000	Great Basin bristlecone pine	Spring Mountains, Nevada	United States	Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
[[{{{2 ]] ([[:Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia:{{{2 \|Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia]])	2,850	Olive Olea europaea	Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon	Portugal	Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID
Mother of the Forest	2520 !2,520	Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum	Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California	United States	Dead.
General Sherman	2,300–2,700		Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California	United States	Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m³ (52,513 cu ft), it is among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.
Kayano Ōsugi	2,300	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa	Japan	Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Jōmon Sugi	2,170–7,200	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Yakushima	Japan	Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.
Koca Katran	2022 !2,022	Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani	Antalya	Turkey	Alive.
Ballyconnell Yew	2,000–5,000	Yew Taxus baccata	Ballyconnell, Annagh	Ireland	Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.^[]
Elia Vouvon	2,000–5,000	Olive Olea europaea	Kolymvari, Crete	Greece	Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi	2,000–4,000	Sweet chestnut Castanea sativa	Sicily	Italy	Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu	2,000–3,000	Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis	Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk	South Korea	Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty	2,000	Bald cypress Taxodium distichum	Longwood, Florida	United States	Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri	2,000	Oriental plane Platanus orientalis	Martuni Region	Azerbaijan	Oldest tree in Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina	2,000	Olive Olea europaea	Stari Bar, Bar	Montenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree	2,000	Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia	Temecula, California	United States	Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
?	2,000	Olive Olea europaea	Tavira, Algarve	Portugal	Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.
Tejo Milenario	2,000+	Yew Taxus baccata	Cazorla, Jaén	Spain	Oldest tree in Spain.
?	2,000	Olive Olea europaea	Exo Hora, Zakynthos	Greece
?	2,000	Yew Taxus	Sochi, Krasnodar Krai	Russia	A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.
Houkisugi at Nakagawa	2,000	Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica	Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture	Japan
Methuselah	1,800	Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens	Woodside, California	United States
Araucaria Madre	1,800	Araucaria Araucana	Araucanía	Chile	Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.
Granit oak	1,700	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Granit	Bulgaria
Kongeegen	1,500–2,000	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand	Denmark
Stelmužė Oak	1,500-2,000	Pedunculate oak Quercus robur	Stelmužė, Zarasai	Lithuania	Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Aubépines	1,500	Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna	Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne	France	Oldest tree in France.^[]
Seven Sisters Oak	1,500	Southern live oak Quercus virginiana	Mandeville, Louisiana	United States	Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.
Jardine Juniper	1,500	Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum	Logan Canyon, Utah	United States
Árbol del Tule	1,433–1,600	Montezuma cypress Taxodium mucronatum	Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca	Mexico	Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine	1300+	Pinus heldreichii	Pirin Mountain	Bulgaria	Oldest forest tree in Bulgaria
Cedars of God	1000+	Cedrus libani Cedars of Lebanon	Mount Lebanon	Lebanon	Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon
Te Matua Ngahere	1,200–4,000	Kauri Agathis australis	Waipoua Forest, Northland	New Zealand	Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo	1,200+	Algarrobo blanco Prosopis chilensis	Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis	Argentina	Oldest tree in Central Argentina.
The Old Elm	1,100+	Field Elm (Ulmus minor)	Center of Sliven, Bulgaria		The Old Elm won the 2014 European Tree of the Year Award. The tree has sat in the center of Sliven for 1100 years, serving as a gathering point and a historical marker. It is also part of the city coat of arms.

أشجار مستنسخة

كما هوالحال مع جميع الأنواع النباتية والفطرية طويلة العمر ، لا يوجد جزء فردي من مستعمرة clonal على قيد الحياة (بمعنى نشاط التمثيل الغذائي) . قد تكون بعض مستعمرات clonal متصلة تمامًا عبر systems root ، في حين حتى معظمها غير مترابط عمليًا ، ولكنها مستنسخة متطابقة وراثياً والتي ملأت منطقة ما عبر التكاثر الخضري. الأعمار بالنسبة للمستعمرات المستنسخة ، والتي تعتمد غالبًا على معدلات النموالحالية ، هي تقديرات.^[]

Name	Age (years)	Species	Location	Country	Notes
Pando	80,000–1,000,000	Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides	Fishlake National Forest, Utah	United States	Covers 107 أكرs (0.43 kم²) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak	13,000	Palmer oak Quercus palmeri	Jurupa Mountains, California	United States	Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.
Old Tjikko	9,550	Norway spruce Picea abies	Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna	Sweden	The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age was established using carbon dating and genetic matching. Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.
Old Rasmus	9,500	Norway spruce Picea abies	Sonfjället, Härjedalen	Sweden
unknown	3,000–10,000	Huon Pine Lagarostrobos franklinii	Mount Read, Tasmania	Australia	Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around ثلاثة to أربعة thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.

انظر أيضاً

King Clone
List of largest giant sequoias
قائمة العضيات الأطول عمراً
List of old-growth forests
List of notable trees
List of superlative trees
Oldest viable seed
Veteran tree

ملاحظات

^ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957". The age given here is based on this reference point.
^ Not named yet

المراجع

^ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). ". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
^ ". W.P Armstrong. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
^ ". National Park Service - Bryce Canyon. Archived from the original onعشرة February 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
^ ". USDA - United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
^ ". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
^ (May 13-17, 2013) "Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree"" in Second American Dendrochronology Conference..
^ ". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
^ "OldList, A Database Of Old Trees". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. May 2019. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID 17806339.
^ "Parque Nacional Alerce Costero". Conaf.cl (in Spanish). National Forest Corporation. Archived from the original onستة October 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Stahle, D. W.; Edmondson, J. R.; Howard, I. M.; Robbins, C. R.; Griffin, R. D.; Carl, A.; Hall, C. B.; Stahle, D. K.; Torbenson, M. C. A. (May 16, 2019). "Longevity, climate sensitivity, and conservation status of wetland trees at Black River, North Carolina". Environmental Research Communications. 1 (4): 041002. Bibcode:2019ERCom...1d1002S. doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ab0c4a.
^ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. JSTOR 1551666.
^ Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
^ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle. 66 (5): 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5.
^ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". In Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R. (eds.). Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences.
^ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". Journal of Plant Research. 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832.
^ Schulman, E. (1956). Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America. Tucson: Univ. of Ariz. Press.
^ Larson, D. W.; Kelly, P. E. (1991). "The extent of old-growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (7): 1628–1636. doi:10.1139/b91-206.
^ Stahle, D. W.; Cleaveland, M. K.; Hehr, J. G. (10 June 1988). "North Carolina Climate Changes Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 372 to 1985". Science. 240 (4858): 1517–1519. Bibcode:1988Sci...240.1517S. doi:10.1126/science.240.4858.1517. PMID 17798982.
^ "Cypress". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2017-11-17.
^ "Trees in ancient Iran". Earthwatchers. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "Oldest yew tree found in Turkey's north". Archived from the original on July 20, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ "Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi". www.ktu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
^ "The ancient yew tree". St Johns Tisbury. Archived from the original onعشرة September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
^ Pavuk, Amy. The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. Times Newspaper. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ Scheper, J. "Florida's Big Tree". Floridata.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
^ "Model who burned down 3,500-year-old Tree while high on meth avoids jail time". news.asiantown.net. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
^ "Woman charged with burning down 'The Senator,' a 3,500-year-old tree". MNN - Mother Nature Network (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
^ Stutzman, Rene. "Woman who burned down giant tree going to prison". OrlandoSentinel.com (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "FLORESTAS — ICNF" (in البرتغالية). Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
^ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN .
^ Hidson, Toby (2014). "Addressing the claim that the Defynnog yewsin Powysmay be 5,000 years old" (PDF). Ancient Yew Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
^ ". Taipei Times. 2006-07-02. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "A Luras il patriarca degli olivastri millenari d'Europa" (PDF) (in Italian). COMUNE DI LURAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-11.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Botosso, Paulo Cesar (November 2002). "Conhecer a Idade das Árvores: Importância e Aplicação" (PDF). Embrapa Florestas. Documentos 75: 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2017-10-26.
^ "UTAD classificou oliveira com 2.850 anos!" (in Portuguese). CienciaPT. 2011-07-08. Archived from the original on 2012-03-19. Retrieved 2013-01-11.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "The General Sherman Tree - Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
^ Hobson, Jake (2007). . Timber Press. p. 86. ISBN . Retrieved 25 August 2008.
^ Flora and Fauna Fact Sheet (Web Japan)
^ Miyazaki, Makoto. "The old men of the mountains". The Yomiuri Shimbun. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
^ "Locals want quarries out of Çığlıkara Forest". Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ "The Olive Tree and Olive Oil". Sfakia-crete.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "The oldest olive tree in Europe". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "Andalucía alberga el árbol más longevo de toda España". Cambio16. 2018-05-04. Archived from the original on 2019-10-14. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
^ "the-oldest-olive-tree pictures, videos and albums". Webshots.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "О Кавказе". Wwf.ru. 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ Methuselah" Redwood - Woodside, California". Waymarking.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ Parque de Araucarias Araucanas" - Chile: La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas". parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl. Archived from the original on 2016-01-08. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
^ "Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris". Kongfrederik.dk. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ Koder, K. "Live Oak, Pillars of a Nation". Urban Forestry South. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
^ "Jardine Juniper Trail". Utahmountainbiking.com. 2001-08-31. Archived from the original on 2019-03-10. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ The Gymnosperm Database - Cedrus libani (December, 2011) http://www.conifers.org/pi/Cedrus_libani.php Archived 2016-08-23 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "2014 European Tree of the Year". 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
^ Quaking Aspen Archived 2015-02-10 at the Wayback Machine. by the Bryce Canyon National Park Service
^ Genetic Variation and the Natural History of Quaking Aspen, Mitton, J. B. & Grant, M. C. (1996). BioScience 46 (1): 25-31.
^ Connor, Steve (Science Editor), "At 13,000 years, tree is world's oldest organism Archived 2017-10-22 at the Wayback Machine.", The Independent (newspaper), United Kingdom, December 23, 2009, online article December 22, 2009.
^ May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; and Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey, "A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California", PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 12, December, 2009.
^ ". BBC News. 17 April 2008. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
^ Owen, James (14 April 2008). "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 18 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
^ "World's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Swedish Research Council. 16 April 2008. Archived from the original on 2 September 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
^ Roger Highfield (17 April 2008). "World's oldest tree discovered in Sweden". London: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ Swedish dn.se
^ "The Oldest Living Tasmanian: The Huon Pine". Australian Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on 2012-11-09. Retrieved 2013-01-11.
^ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". National Geographic News. 2008-04-08. Archived from the original on 2012-11-01. Retrieved 2013-01-11.