نبات لاحم

Nepenthes mirabilis in flower, growing on a road cut in Palau

النباتات آكلة اللحوم Carnivorous plants أي نبات يتصَّيد الحشرات من أجل الغذاء. ومثل هذه النباتات تسمَّى أيضًا النباتات آكلة اللحوم. ويعيش النبات آكل الحشرات عادة في الأماكن الرطبة حيث لا تعطي التربة إلا القليل من النيتروجين أولا تعطي قط. وعلى النبات حتى يحصل على النيتروجين من الحشرات التي يتصيدها. والنباتات آكلة الحشرات لها أعضاء خاصة تمسك بها الحشرات، وغدد تفرز سائلاً هاضمًا يساعدها على الإفادة من غذائها. وبعض النباتات آكلة الحشرات لها أزهار ملونة أوذات رائحة تمكّنها من حتى تَظْهر أوتشم من مسافة كاللحم المتعفن، مما يؤدي إلى اجتذاب الحشرات.

وتطور النباتات آكلة الحشرات خدعًا متعددة لتشكل مصايد. فنباتات النابنط مثلاً لها أوراق تشبه الحقاق وتحفظ ماء المطر لتغرق فيه الحشرات. وورديات الأوراق المزودة بشعرات لاصقة تكون محمولة على النبتة النديَّة، وحين تَعْلق حشرة بالشعرات، تلتف أطراف الأوراق حولها، وتصيدها. وشرك الذباب له أوراق تعمل مثل مصيدة فولاذية، إذ تُطبق الأوراق على الحشرة، وتمسك بها في الداخل.

آليات الاصطياد

The primitive pitchers of Heliamphora chimantensis are an example of pitfall traps.

Five basic trapping mechanisms are found in carnivorous plants.

Pitfall traps (pitcher plants) trap prey in a rolled leaf that contains a pool of digestive enzymes or bacteria.
Flypaper traps use a sticky mucilage.
Snap traps utilize rapid leaf movements.
Bladder traps suck in prey with a bladder that generates an internal vacuum.
Lobster-pot traps force prey to move towards a digestive organ with inward-pointing hairs.

Pitfall traps

Darlingtonia californica: note the small entrance to the trap underneath the swollen "balloon" and the colourless patches that confuse prey trapped inside.

Brocchinia reducta: a carnivorous bromeliad

Flypaper traps

Pinguicula gigantea with prey. The insect was too large and was able to escape.

Snap traps

The snap traps of Dionaea muscipula close rapidly when triggered to trap prey between two lobes.

Bladder traps

The tip of one stolon of Utricularia vulgaris, showing stolon, branching leaf-shoots, and transparent bladder traps

Genlisea violacea traps and leaves

Lobster-pot traps

Roridula gorgonias: a borderline carnivore that gains nutrients from its "prey" via the droppings of a predatory bug

التطور

Artist's restoration of Archaeamphora longicervia, the earliest known carnivorous plant

The traps of Catopsis berteroniana are unlikely to have descended from a hairy leaf or sepal.

Drosophyllum lusitanicum is one of the few carnivorous plants to grow in dry, alkaline soil.

Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plant's investment in carnivorous adaptations. Non-zero optimum carnivory occurs in brightly lit habitats with very limiting soil nutrients.

Modelling carnivory in plants: gross photosynthesis, respiration and net photosynthesis as a function of the plant's investment in carnivorous adaptations. An optimum carnivory of zero occurs in poorly lit habitats with abundant soil nutrients.

Part-time carnivory in Triphyophyllum peltatum may be due to an unusually high need for potassium at a certain point in the life cycle, just before flowering.

التصنيف

Dicots

Stylidium turbinatum

Aldrovanda vesiculosa

Byblis liniflora

Cephalotus follicularis

Asterales (sunflower and daisy order)
- Stylidiaceae
  - Stylidium (trigger plants, a borderline carnivore)
Caryophyllales, (carnation order)
- Dioncophyllaceae
  - Triphyophyllum (a tropical liana)
- Drosophyllaceae
  - Drosophyllum (Portuguese dewy pine)
- Droseraceae (sundew family)
  - Aldrovanda (waterwheel plant)
  - Dionaea (Venus flytrap)
  - Drosera (sundews)
  - †Droserapollis
  - †Droserapites
  - †Droseridites
  - †Fischeripollis
  - †Palaeoaldrovanda
  - †Saxonipollis
- Nepenthaceae (tropical pitcher-plant family)
  - Nepenthes (tropical pitcher plants or monkey-cups, including Anurosperma)

Ericales (heather order)
- Roridulaceae
  - Roridula (a borderline carnivore)
- Sarraceniaceae (trumpet pitcher family)
  - †Archaeamphora
  - Sarracenia (North American trumpet pitchers)
  - Darlingtonia (cobra plant/lily)
  - Heliamphora (sun or marsh pitchers)

Lamiales (mint order)
- Byblidaceae
  - Byblis (rainbow plants)
- Lentibulariaceae (bladderwort family)
  - Pinguicula (butterworts)
  - Genlisea (corkscrew plant)
  - Utricularia (bladderworts, including Polypompholyx, the fairy aprons or pink petticoats and Biovularia an obsolete genus)
- Martyniaceae (all borderline carnivores, related to the sesame plant)
  - Ibicella
Oxalidales (wood sorrel order)
- Cephalotus (Albany pitcher plant)

Monocots

Poales (grass order)
- Bromeliaceae (bromeliad or pineapple family)
  - Brocchinia (a terrestrial bromeliad)
  - Catopsis (a borderline carnivore)
- Eriocaulaceae (pipewort family)
  - Paepalanthus (a borderline carnivore)

الزراعة

Cultivated Nepenthes rajah and other species.

Although different species of carnivorous plants have different requirements in terms of sunlight, humidity, soil moisture, etc., there are commonalities.

Many Sarracenia hybrids are easy to grow.

انظر أيضًا

حامول الماء
صائد الحشرات
النابنط
Aggressive mimicry
Carnivorous fungus
Predatory dinoflagellate

المصادر

للاستزادة

اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Carnivorous plants

Slack A (1986). Insect-eating plants and how to grow them. Sherborne UK: Alphabooks. ISBN Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help).
Juniper BE, Robins RJ, Joel DM (1989). The carnivorous plants. Academic Press, San Diego.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Carnivorous Plant Database provides an up-to-date, searchable database of all the published species of carnivorous plants.
Carnivorous Plant FAQ at Sarracenia.com
List of films and TV shows that feature carnivorous plants-most of them fictional
Botanical Society of America - Carnivorous Plants Online
Ellison, A.M. 2006. Nutrient Limitation and Stoichiometry of Carnivorous Plants.PDF (334 KiB) Plant Biol. 8: 740–747.