ناقلة نفط
|
ناقلة النفط التجارية أبكايك, in ballast | |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name: | ناقلة نفط Oil tanker |
| Subclasses: | Handysize, Panamax, Aframax,Suezmax,VLCC,ULCC |
| Built: | c. 1863 – present |
| In service: | 4,024 (above 10,000 طن long حمولة). |
| السمات العامة | |
| الطراز والنوع: | سفينة ناقلة |
| السعة: | up to 550,000 بالطن |
| ملاحظات: | Rear house, full hull, midships pipeline |
ناقلة النفط ، أوناقلة البترول، هي سفينة تم تصميمها لنقل النفط السائل. يوجد نوعان أساسيان من ناقلات النفط؛ ناقلات النفط الخام ، وناقلات النفط المنتج. وتقوم ناقلات النفط الخام بنقل كميات كبيرة من النفط الخام الغير مكرر من أماكن استخراجه إلى المصافي. أما ناقلات النفط المنتج ، فتكون أصغر، وتم تصميميها لنقل الپتروكيماويات من المصافي إلى نقاط بالقرب من أسواق المستهلك.
التاريخ
The Falls of Clyde is the oldest surviving American tanker and the world's only surviving sail-driven oil tanker.
الأخوان نوبل
The Glückauf grounded in heavy fog at Blue Point Beach on Fire Island.
تكسير احتكار ستاندرد أويل
الحرب العالمية الاولى
Underway replenishment was pioneered aboard the USS Maumee
الحرب العالمية الثانية
Allied oil tankers were often targeted by U-Boats in World War II
عصر الناقلات العملاقة
The Knock Nevis rivals some of the world's largest buildings in size
تصنيفات الأحجام
| AFRA Scale | Flexible market scale | ||||
| الفئة | Size in DWT | الفئة | Size in DWT | New price |
Used price |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Purpose tanker | 10,000 - 24,999 | Product tanker | 10,000 - 60,000 | $43M | $42.5M |
| Medium Range tanker | 25,000 - 44,999 | Panamax | 60,000 - 80,000 | ||
| LR1 (Large Range 1) | 45,000 - 79,999 | Aframax | 80,000 - 120,000 | $58M | $60.7M |
| LR2 (Large Range 2) | 80,000 - 159,999 | Suezmax | 120,000 - 200,000 | ||
| VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) | 160,000 - 319,999 | VLCC | 200,000 - 320,000 | $120M | $116M |
| ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier) | 320,000 - 549,999 | ULCC | 320,000 - 550,000 | ||
Hellespont Alhambra (now TI Asia), a ULCC TI class supertanker, the largest ocean going ships in the world
التأجير
أسواق حديثة
| Recent time charter equivalent rates | |||||
| Ship size |
الشحن | المسار | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VLCC | Crude | Persian Gulf - Japan | $95,250 | $59,070 | $51,550 |
| Suezmax | خام | West Africa – Caribbean or East Coast of North America |
$64,800 | $47,500 | $46,000 |
| Aframax | خام | Cross-Mediterranean | $43,915 | $39,000 | $31,750 |
| All product carriers | Caribbean – East Coast of North America or Gulf of Mexico |
$24,550 | $25,240 | $21,400 | |
As of 2007, the chartering market is persistently volatile across all tanker sectors. The market is affected by a wide variety of variables such as the supply and demand of oil as well as the supply and demand of oil tankers. Some particular variables include winter temperatures, excess tanker tonnage, supply fluctuations in the Persian Gulf, and interruptions in refinery services.
خصائص الأساطيل
|
حركة الشحن
أعلام الدول
أعلام للملائمة
دورة حياة السفن
Tankers may carry unusual cargoes such as grain on their final trip to the scrapyard.
تسعير السفن
| الحجم | 1985 | 2005 |
|---|---|---|
| 32–45,000 بالطن | US$18M | $43M |
| 80–105,000 بالطن | $22M | $58M |
| 250–280,000 بالطن | $47M | $120M |
التصميم الهيكلي والهندسي الحالي
تصميمات هل
Single hull, Double bottom, and Double hull ship cross sections. Green lines are watertight; black structure is not watertight
نظام الغاز الخامل
عمليات الشحن
Cargo flows between a tanker and a shore station by way of marine loading arms attached at the tanker's cargo manifold.
تجهيزات ما قبل النقل
تحميل الشحنة
Oil is pumped on and off the ship by way of connections made at the cargo manifold.
إنزال الشحنة
This cargo pump aboard a VLCC can move 5,000 cubic meters of product per hour.
تنظيم الناقلة
The nozzle of an automated tank cleaning machine
استخدامات خاصة لناقلات النفط
تجديد السفن
refuels the and the .
ناقلات ركاز النفط
The OBO-carrier Maya. The picture is showing both the cargo hold hatches used for bulk and the pipes used for oil
وحدات التخزين العائمة
Floating storage units, often former oil tankers, accumulate oil for tankers to retrieve.
التلوث
The spilled 10.8 million gallons of oil into Alaska's Prince William Sound.
انظر أيضا
- قائمة الناقلات
- قائمة تسريبات الغاز
- List of replenishment ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
- List of Type T2 Tanker names
- Marine transfer operations
- سفينة تجارية
المصادر
ملاحظات
- ^ Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006:6.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةhay2 - ^ Delgado, James (1988). "Falls of Clyde National Historic Landmark Study". Maritime Heritage Program. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ Evangelista, Joe, Ed. (2002). "Scaling the Tanker Market" (PDF). Surveyor. American Bureau of Shipping (4): 5–11. Retrieved 2008-02-27. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ^ UNدعوة للعملD 2006, p. 41. Price for new vessel $M in 2005.
- ^ UNدعوة للعملD 2006, p. 42. Five year old ship in $M in 2005.
- ^ UNدعوة للعملD 2007, p. 61.
- ^ UNدعوة للعملD 2007, p. 62.
- ^ UNدعوة للعملD 2007, p. 63.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةscribd.com - ^ Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (1999). "Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill". www.state.ak.us. State of Alaska. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
بيبيليوگرافيا
- Central Intelligence Agency (2007). . Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN . Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- Det Norske Veritas (2008). "Knock Nevis". DNV Exchange. Det Norske Veritas. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- Devanney, Jack (2006). (PDF). Tavernier, FL: The CTX Press. ISBN .
-
Douet, M (1999). "Combined Ships: An Empirical Investigation About Versatility". Maritime Policy and Management. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. 26 (3): pp. 231–248. doi:10.1080/030888399286862. Retrieved 2008-04-07. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). "Petroleum". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th edition ed.). pp. 316–322. Retrieved 2008-02-22.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
- Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). "Ship". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th edition ed.). pp. 881–889. Retrieved 2008-02-22.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
- European Commission / European Maritime Safety Agency (2005). Double Hull Tankers: High Level Panel of Experts Report.
- Evangelista, Joe (2002). "WS50" (PDF). Surveyor. Houston: American Bureau of Shipping (Winter 2002): pp. 10–11.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
-
Hayler, William B. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cornell Maritime Pr. ISBN . Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Huber, Mark (2001). Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC). Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN .
- Hendrick, Burton Jesse (2007). . BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN .
- Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics (2005). "ISL Market Analysis" (PDF). Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics. pp. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-04-26.CS1 maint: extra text (link)
- International Chamber of Shipping (1996). International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT). New York: Hyperion Books. ISBN .
- Marine Board (1998). . Marine Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ISBN . Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- Marine Log (2008). "The Liberty Ship and the T-2 Tanker (1941)". Ships of the Century. Marine Log. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) (2008-01-30). "Process: Tank Cleaning". Shipbuilding and Ship Repair - Hazards and Solutions. Department of Labor. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
-
Office of Data and Economic Analysis (2006). "World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005" (PDF). United States Maritime Administration. Retrieved March 13. Unknown parameter
|accessyear=ignored (|access-date=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Overseas Shipholding Group (2008-02-22). "Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List". Overseas Shipholding Group. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- Overseas Shipholding Group (2008-02-28). "Overseas Shipholding Group Enters FSO Market". Press Releases. Overseas Shipholding Group. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
- Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. O. (1987). Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Singh, Baljit (July 11, 1999). "The world's biggest ship". The Times (of India). Retrieved 2008-04-07.
-
Tarman, Daniel (2008-04-07). "Case Study II: Derbyshire, Loss of a Bulk Carrier". Educational Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: Ship Structure Committee. Retrieved 2008-04-07. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Tolf, Robert W. (1976). "4: The World's First Oil Tankers". . Hoover Press. ISBN .
- Transport Canada (1984). (PDF).
-
Turpin, Edward A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN Check
|isbn=value: checksum (help). Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNدعوة للعملD) (2006). (PDF). New York and Geneva: United Nations.
- Woodman, Richard (1998). The History of the Ship: The Comprehensive Story of Seafaring from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. New York: Lyons Press. ISBN .
قراءات إضافية
- Spyrou, Andrew G. From T-2 to Supertanker: Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940-2000. [United States]: iUniverse, Inc. ISBN .
- Sullivan, George (1978). Supertanker!: The Story of the World's Biggest Ships. New York: Dodd Mead. ISBN .
- Stopford, Martin (1997). . New York: Routledge. ISBN .
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Oil tankers
| Oil tankers ]]. |
- Bill Willis. Supertankers
- [http://BrooklynSteel-BloodTenacity.com/ How Seatrain Shipbuilding built VLCC's inside the Brooklyn Navy Yard
- Intertanko - the society of International Tanker Operators
- The International Maritime Organization - Tanker Safety (for double-hulls)
- [1] - Ship photos of tankers, ULCCs, VLCCs, barges
