لناپي

لناپي
	لناپي‌هوكينگ، الأراضي اللناپي الأصلية. Munsee speakers in the north,; Unami-speakers in the center, and Unalichtigo-speakers in the south
إجمالي التعداد
	Estimated 16,000
المناطق ذات التجمعات المعتبرة
الولايات المتحدة ( اوكلاهوما)	11.195 (2010)
الولايات المتحدة ( ويسكنسن)	1.565
Languages
	الإنگليزية, المونسي، والأونامي
Religion
	المسيحية، الكنيسة الأمريكية الأصلية،; الديانة القبلية التقليدية
Related ethnic groups
	شعوب ألگونكويان أخرى

من أجل استخدامات أخرى، انظر لناپي (توضيح).

لناپي Lenape ( //)، هي قبيلة أمريكية أصلية وحكومة نطاق الأمم الأولى. يطلق عليهم أيضاً هنود ديلاوير حيث حتى أراضيهم التاريخية كانت على إمتداد الأفق الجبلية المحيطة بمستجمع نهر ديلاوير، غرب لونگ آيلاند ووادي هدسن السفلي.

نتيجة للاضطرابات والإرادة السياسية للسكان البيض في أعقاب الحرب الثورية الأمريكية والتطورات اللاحقة مثل المواقف المعبرة التي أطلق عليها لاحقاً بيان القدر، والتي أدت جزئياً إلى ترحيل الهنود من شرق الولايات المتحدة، الجماعات الرئيسية التي تعيش حالياً في اونتاريو(كندا)، وسكنسنن واوكلاهوما.

جني بوب وابنتها، نيلي لونگهيت (كلاهما من ديلاوير)، اوكلاهوما، 1915

معظم اللناپي طُردوا من أراضيهم بسبب توسع المستعمرات الأوروپية في القرن 18 بعد الخسائر الناجمة عن الصراعات القبلية. أصيبت تجمعات اللناپي بالضعف بعد الأمراض الدخيلة حديثاً، وخاصة السل، والعنف من قبل الأوروپيين. كان شعب الإروكويس يتقاتل أحياناً مع اللناپي. انتقل الناجون من اللناپي إلى الغرب داخل حوض نهر اوهايوالعلوي. الحرب الثورية الأمريكية واستقلال الولايات المتحدة دفعهم إلى الاتجاه غرباً. في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، أوفدت الحكومة الأمريكية معظم من تظل من اللناپي إلى الولايات المتحدة الشرقية حتى الأراضي الأمريكية بموجب سياسة ترحيل الهنود. في القرن 21، يقيم معظم اللناپي حالياً في ولاية اوكلاهوما، وتوجد بعض التجمعات أيضاً في وسكنسن، اونتاريو(كندا) وفي أراضيهم التقليدية.

الاسم

الأراضي

اللغات

المجتمع

Susie Elkhair (d. 1926) of the Delaware Tribe of Indians, wearing ribbonwork shawl

التاريخ

التواصل الأوروپي

الفترة الاستعمارية المبكرة

القرن 17

Benjamin West's painting (in 1771) of William Penn's 1682 treaty with the Lenape

القرن 18

Lapowinsa, Chief of the Lenape, Lappawinsoe painted by Gustavus Hesselius in 1735.

النزوح

القرن 19

إنديانا إلى ميزوري

دورهم في التاريخ الغربي

محمية كنساس

اوكلاهوما

تكساس

القرن 20

القرن 21

القبائل والمنظمات المعاصرة

الجماعات المنظمة فدرالياً

الأمم الكندية الأولى

الولايات المتحدة الشرقية

الولايات المتحدة الوسطى

الأدب والثقافة الشعبية

مشاهير اللناپي

دان باركر، مؤسس مؤسسة حرية الأديان
وليام و. پارك، أستاذ كلية الحقوق، جامعة بوسطن
بلاك بيڤر (1806–1880)، صياد، تاجر، عضوكشافة؛ أول مكرم في قاعة مشاهير الهنود الحمر
Buckongahelas، زعيم حرب قبيلة الذئاب.
إنديان حنا، اسمها قبل الزواج حنا فريمان (1730–1802)، ينطق أنها كانت آخر الهنود اللـِني-اللناپي في مقاطعة تشستر، پنسلڤانيا.
تشارلز جورنيكيك، زعيم قبيلة الذئب من 1855 والزعيم الرئيسي من 1861. زار واشنطن دي سي 24 مرة نيابة عن لقبيلته.
Sachem Killbuck (Gelelemend), Turtle clan leader
كاپتن جاكوبس، زعيم حرب
نيولين، نبي ديلاوير
شيف نيوكمر (نتاواتوي، ح. 1686–1776)، مؤسسة قرية Gekelmukpechunk (Newcomerstown)، اوهايوفي عقد 1760
اورتام، sachem of the Hackensack
Captain Pipe (Hopocan), (ca. 1725—ca. 1818), 18th Century chief and member of the Wolf Clan
Shingas, Turkey clan war leader
Tamanend, leader reported to have negotiated treaty with William Penn, and who Tammany Hall was named for
Tamaqua (الملك الدب)، Turkey clan peace chief
Teedyuscung، زعيم الديلاوير الشرقيين
وايت آيز (ح. 1730–1778)، زعيم السلام لقبيلة السلحفاة الذي تفاوض حول معاهدة فورد پيت

انظر أيضاً

Burial Ridge
Economy of the Iroquois
Hell Town, Ohio (Lenape settlement in Ohio)
Lenape settlements
Munsee
Okehocking Tribe
Esopus tribe
Ramapough Mountain Indians
Unalachtigo Lenape
Walking Purchase

وثائقيات

^
Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River's drainage basin. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise:
- the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial New York City and New Jersey), and
- portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries — making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:
- westerly past the region around Albany, NY to the Susquehanna River side of the Catskills, then
- southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware.
The Susquehanna-Delaware watershed divides bound the frequently contested 'hunting grounds' between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples, whilst the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.

المصادر

الحواشي

^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة n10
^ Fariello, Leonardo A. "A Place Called Whippany", Whippanong Library, 2000 (retrieved 19 July 2011)
^ Kraft, The Lenape-Delaware Indian Heritage,^[]
^ Pritzker 422
^ "Pocket Pictorial." Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2010: 13. Retrievedعشرة June 2010.
^ "Stockbridge-Munsee Band of Mohican Indians", Wisconsin Tribes, official state website
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة josephy
^ http://www.nj.gov/state/historical/pdf/lenape-guide.pdf
^ "Art on the Prairies: Delaware", All About the Shoes. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
^ S. H. Mitchell (1895)^[]
^ Killbuck, Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005

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قراءات إضافية

Adams, Richard Calmit, The Delaware Indians, a brief history, Hope Farm Press (Saugerties, NY 1995) [originally published by Government Printing Office, (Washington, DC 1909)]
Bierhorst, John. The White Deer and Other Stories Told by the Lenape. New York: W. Morrow, 1995. ISBN 0-688-12900-5
Brown, James W. and Rita T. Kohn, eds. ISBN 978-0-253-34968-2. Indiana University Press (2007).
Grumet, Robert Steven (2009). The Munsee Indians: a history. Civilization of the American Indian. 262. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN . OCLC 317361732.
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