قوات الحلفاء (الحرب العالمية الأولى)

Allies of World War I
Allies of World War I ; Entente Powers
	1914–1918
	Allied and Associated Powers (and their colonies); Central Powers (and their colonies); Neutral Powers;
المكانة	Military alliance
الحقبة التاريخية	World War I
• تأسست	1914
• Disestablished	1918

European military alliances prior to the war.

قوى الوفاق (الحلفاء) في فترة الحرب العالميّة الأولى (1914 – 1918م ) الدّول التاليّة: بريطانيا ، فرنسا ، روسيا .

ضمت مجموعة (المحور ، الدّول التاليّة: ألمانيا ، الإمبراطوريّة النمساويّة المجريّة، هجريا.

التاريخ

ملصق روسي يصور الوفاق الثلاثي

اتخذ المجتمع الدولي إجراءات عقابيّة ضد ألمانيا فيما عهد بمعاهدة ڤرساي 1919م، وذلك بعد انتهاء الحرب العالميّة الأولى. خسرت ألمانيا بموجب تلك الإجراءات العقابيّة (معاهدة فرساي ) كما اتى في مصادر التوثيق الدوليّة: 12,5% من مساحتها الجغرافيّة، وحوالي 12% من تعداد سكانها، وما يقارب عن 15% من إنتاجها الزراعي، وحوالي 10% من منتوجها الصناعي وما يقارب عن 75% من إنتاجها من خام الحديد. وإلى جانب ذلك، قيدت معاهدة فرساي حركة وصلاحيات الجيش الألماني حيث نصت على ألا يزيد عدد المنتسبين إلى الجيش الألماني عن مائة ألف جندي، كذلك، ألزمت ألمانيا بدفع تعويضات كبيرة للحلفاء.

The direction of the war changed on April 6, 1917, with the entrance of the الولايات المتحدة and its American allies.^[]Liberia, China, Siam and Greece also became allies. After the October Revolution, Russia left the alliance and ended formal involvement in the war, by the signing of the treaty of Brest Litovsk in November effectively creating a separate peace with the Central Powers. This was followed by Romanian cessation of hostilities, however the Balkan State declared war on Central Powers again on November 10, 1918. The Russian withdrawal allowed for the final structure of the alliance, which was based on five Great Powers:

الامبراطورية البريطانية
الولايات المتحدة
France
مملكة إيطاليا
إمبراطورية اليابان

Statistics of the Allied Powers
	التعداد	المساحة	GDP
Russian Empire (plus Finland), 1914	173.2m (176.4m)	21.7m km² (22.1m km²)	$257.7b ($264.3b)
French Third Republic (plus colonies), 1914	39.8m (88.1m)	0.5m كم² (11.2m km²)	$138.7b ($170.2b)
United Kingdom (plus colonies and Dominions), 1914	46.0m (446.1m)	0.3m كم² (33.3m km²)	$226.4b ($561.2b)
امبراطورية اليابان (plus colonies), 1914	55.1m (74.2m)	0.4m km² (0.7m km²)	$76.5b ($92.8b)
Kingdom of Italy (plus colonies), 1915	35.6m (37.6m)	0.3m km² (2.3m ² )	$91.3b ($92.6b)
الولايات المتحدة (plus overseas dependencies), 1917	96.5m (106.3m)	7.8m km² (9.6m km²)	$511.6b ($522.2b)
Allied approximate Total by 1917	928.7m	79.2m km²	$1,703.3b

الزعماء

المملكة المتحدة/الامبراطورية البريطانية

George V - King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India
H. H. Asquith - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Untilخمسة December 1916)
D. Lloyd George - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Fromسبعة December 1916)
Horatio Herbert Kitchener - Secretary of State for War (5 August 1914 –خمسة June 1916)
William Robertson - Chief of the Imperial General Staff
John French - Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (4 August 1914 – 15 December 1915)
Douglas Haig - Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (15 December 1915 – 11 November 1918)
Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard - Commander of Royal Flying Corps - (August 1915 – January 1918)
Winston Churchill - First Lord of the Admiralty - (1911 – May 1915)
Arthur Balfour- First Lord of the Admiralty - (May 1915 – December 1916)
Edward Carson - First Lord of the Admiralty - (10 December 1916 – 17 July 1917)
Eric Geddes - First Lord of the Admiralty - (July 1917 – January 1919)
"Jackie" Fisher - First Sea Lord - (1914 – May 1915)
Henry Jackson - First Sea Lord - (May 1915 – November 1916)
John Jellicoe - First Sea Lord (November 1916 – December 1917)
Rosslyn Wemyss - First Sea Lord (December 1917 – November 1919)

دومنيون كندا

Robert Borden - Prime Minister of Canada (1914–18)
Sam Hughes- Minister of Militia and Defence (1914 – January 1915)
Joseph Flavelle- Chairmen of Imperial Munitions Board (1915–19)
Julian Byng (June 1916 – June 1917) Canadian Corps commander
Edwin Alderson - Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (26 January 1915 – September 1915)
Arthur Currie - Commander of the unified Canadian Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (June 1917 –)

كومنولث أستراليا

Andrew Fisher - رئيس وزراء أستراليا (until 27 October 1915)
Billy Hughes - Prime Minister of Australia (from 27 October 1915)
John Monash - Commander of the Australian Corps (all five Australian infantry divisions serving on the Western Front) (May 1918 –)

الامبراطورية الهندية

John Nixon commander of the British Indian Army (active in the Middle East)

اتحاد جنوب أفريقيا

Louis Botha - Prime Minister of South Africa
Jan Smuts - Led forces in South-West Africa Campaign and East African Campaign, later member of the Imperial War Cabinet

روسيا

Nicholas II — Russian Emperor, King of Poland, and Grand Prince of Finland. (Until 15 March 1917)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich - Commander-in-chief (1 August 1914 –خمسة September 1916) and viceroy in the Caucasus
Alexander Samsonov - Commander of the Russian Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 – 29 August 1914)
Paul von Rennenkampf - Commander of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia (1 August 1914 – November 1914)
Nikolai Ivanov - Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front, (1 August 1914 – March 1916) responsible for much of the action in Galicia
Aleksei Brusilov - Commander of the South-West Front, then provisional Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication (February 1917 – August 1917)
Lavr Georgievich Kornilov - Commander of the South-West Front, then Commander-in-Chief (August 1917)
Aleksey Kuropatkin - Commander of the Northern Front (October 1915 – 1917)
Nikolai Yudenich - Commander of the Caucasus (January 1915 – May 1917)
Andrei Eberhardt - Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1914–16)
Aleksandr Kolchak - Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1916–17)
Nikolai Essen - Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913 – May 1915)

فرنسا

Raymond Poincaré - President of France
René Viviani - Prime Minister of France (13 June 1914 – 29 October 1915)
Aristide Briand - Prime Minister of France (29 October 1915 – 20 March 1917)
Alexandre Ribot - Prime Minister of France (20 March 1917 – 12 September 1917)
Paul Painlevé - Prime Minister of France (1GHGH2 September 1917 – 16 November 1917)
Georges Clemenceau - Prime Minister of France (From 16 November 1917)
Joseph Joffre - Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (3 August 1914 – 13 December 1916) and Marshal of France
Robert Nivelle - Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (13 December 1916 – April 1917)
Philippe Pétain - Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (April 1917 – 26 March 1918) and Marshal of France
Ferdinand Foch - Commander-in-Chief of the French Army and Marshal of France, Supreme Allied Commander (26 March 1918 – 11 November 1918)
Milan Rastislav Stefanik - General of French Army, Commander of Czechoslovak Legions
Georges Thenault - Commander of the Lafayette Escadrille

صربيا

Peter I - King of Serbia
Vojvoda Radomir Putnik - Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian Army
Vojvoda Petar Bojović - Commander of First Army, later Chief of General Staff
Vojvoda Stepa Stepanović - Commander of Second Army
Vojvoda Živojin Mišić - Commander of 1st Serbian Army

الجبل الأسود

Nicholas I - King of Montenegro
Serdar Janko Vukotić - Commander of 1st Montenegrin Army

بلجيكا

Albert I of Belgium - King of Belgium (23 December 1909 – 17 February 1934)

إيطاليا

Victor Emmanuel III - King of Italy
Antonio Salandra - Prime Minister (until June 18, 1916)
Paolo Boselli - Prime Minister (June 18, 1916 – October 29, 1917)
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando - Prime Minister (from October 29, 1917)
Luigi Cadorna - Commander-in-Chief of the Italian army
Armando Diaz - Chief of General Staff of the Italian army
Luigi, Duke of Abruzzi - Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy (1914–17)
Paolo Thaon di Revel - Admiral of the Royal Italian Navy
Vito Bolzanello da Roma- Captain of the Italian Navy

رومانيا

Ferdinand I - King of Romania
Constantin Prezan - Chief of the General Staff of Romania
Alexandru Averescu - Commander of the Romanian 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army Group South

الولايات المتحدة

Woodrow Wilson - رئيس الولايات المتحدة/Commander-In-Chief of the U.S. armed forces
Newton D. Baker - U.S. Secretary of War
John J. Pershing - Commander of the American Expeditionary Force

اليابان

Emperor Taishō - Emperor of Japan
Ōkuma Shigenobu - Prime Minister of Japan (16 April 1914 –تسعة October 1916)
Terauchi Masatake - Prime minister of Japan (9 October 1916 – 29 September 1918)

البرازيل

Venceslau Bras - President of Brazil
Pedro Frontin - Brazilian Admiral
Dr. Nabuco Gouveia - Chief of the Brazilian Medical Delegation

البرتغال

Bernardino Machado - President of Portugal
Afonso Costa - Prime Minister of Portugal
Norton de Matos -War Minister
Tamagnini de Abreu - Commander of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (CEP)
Alves Roçadas - Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Southern Angola
Ferreira Gil - Commander of the Portuguese Forces in Eastern Africa

الصين

Feng Guozhang - President of the Republic of China
Duan Qirui - Premier of China

الكثير والخسائر

Pie chart showing military deaths of the Allied Powers.

قوى الحلفاء	الحشود	قتلى الوغى	جرحى الوغى	إجمالي الخسائر	الخسائر كنسبة من إجمالي الحشود
أستراليا	412,953^[48]	61,928	152,171	214,099	52%
بلجيكا	267,000^[49]	38,172	44,686	82,858	31%
كندا	628,964^[50]	64,944	149,732	214,676	34%
فرنسا	8,410,000^[51]	1,397,800	4,266,000	5,663,800	67%
اليونان	230,000^[52]	26,000	21,000	47,000	20%
الهند	1,440,437^[53]	74,187	69,214	143,401	10%
إيطاليا	5,615,000^[54]	651,010	953,886	1,604,896	29%
اليابان	800,000^[55]	415	907	1,322	<1%
الجبل الأسود	50,000^[56]	3,000	10,000	13,000	26%
نـِپال	200,000	30,000	?	?	?
نيوزيلندا	128,525^[57]	18,050	41,317	59,367	46%
البرتغال	100,000^[58]	7,222	13,751	20,973	21%
رومانيا	750,000^[59]	250,000	120,000	370,000	49%
روسيا	12,000,000^[60]	1,811,000	4,950,000	6,761,000	56%
صربيا	707,343^[61]	275,000	133,148	408,148	58%
جنوب أفريقيا	136,070^[62]	9,463	12,029	21,492	16%
المملكة المتحدة	6,211,922^[63]	886,342	1,665,749	2,552,091	41%
الولايات المتحدة	4,355,000^[64]	116,708	205,690	322,398	7%
الإجمالي	42,243,214	5,691,241	12,809,280	18,500,521	44%

ملخص إعلانات الحرب من قِبل الحلفاء على القوى المركزية

List of the 23 member States of the Entente:

بعد اغتيال فرانتس فرديناند

مملكة صربيا: 28 July 1914
الإمبراطورية الروسية: 1 August 1914 (separate peace in November 1917)
France: ثلاثة August 1914
بلجيكا: أربعة August 1914
الامبراطورية البريطانية أربعة August 1914
نيپال أربعة August 1914
مملكة الجبل الأسود:ثمانية August 1914 (capitulation in January 1916)
إمبراطورية اليابان: 23 August 1914

بعد معجزة المارن

مملكة إيطاليا: 23 May 1915
Portugal:تسعة March 1916
مملكة رومانيا: 27 August 1916 (capitulation in December 1917, returned in November 1918)

بعد الثورة الروسية

United States:ستة April 1917
Greece: Officially, 2 July 1917 (since 24 November 1916 by Movement of National Defence)
Brazil: 26 October 1917

حالة خاصة: الامبراطورية البريطانية

Six Dominions of the British Empire, which were subordinate to London under international law, were admitted to the Conference of Versailles in recognition of their huge military involvement:

Canada
Australia
الراج البريطاني
New Zealand
اتحاد جنوب أفريقيا
نيوفاوندلاند

حالة خاصة: حلفاء إسمياً

Countries that declared war on Central Powers but had no military involvement in the conflict:

كوبا:ثمانية April 1917
پنما:تسعة April 1917
Siam: 22 July 1917
ليبريا: أربعة August 1917
تايوان: 14 August 1917
گواتيمالا: 25 April 1918
نيكاراگوا:سبعة May 1918
كوستاريكا: 25 May 1918
هندوراس: 19 July 1918
هايتي: 25 July 1918
أندورا: remained in an official state of belligerency until 1957 as it was not included in the Treaty of Versailles.

Countries that severed relationships with Central Powers but did not declare war and had no military involvement:

بوليڤيا: April 1917
پيرو: October 1917
أوروگواي: October 1917
الإكوادور: December 1917

حالة خاصة: قوميات ثائرة

Four insurgent nationalities, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were allowed to participate as winning nations to the peace treaties:

Poles
Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy and Russia
مملكة الحجاز: armed by Britain in Arabia
Armenians: seceded from Russia and fought against Ottoman Empire (many ethnic Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire fought for the Ottoman Empire until the Ottomans turned on them)

انظر أيضاً

التحالف الثلاثي
المشاركون في الحرب العالمية الأولى
Central Powers
حلفاء الحرب العالمية الثانية

الهامش

^ S.N. Broadberry, Mark Harrison. The Economics of World War I. illustrated ed. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 7-8.
^ As هاوائي وألاسكا were not yet U.S. states, they are included in the parenthetical figures.
^ first Canadian to attain the rank of full general
^ Australia casualties
Included in total are 55,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[1]-.
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[2]-
Totals include 2,005 military deaths during 1919-21^[3]-. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead^[4].
^ Belgium casualties
Included in total are 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[5] Figures include 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until Nov.11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." ^[6].
^ Canada casualties
Included in total are 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.^[7]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[8]
Totals include 3,789 military deaths during 1919-21 and 150 Merchant Navy deaths^[9]-. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead^[10].
^ France casualties
Included in total are 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[11]. Totals include the deaths of 71,100 French colonial troops. ^[12]-Figures include war related military deaths of 28,600 from 11/11/1918 to 6/1/1919.^[13]
^ Greece casualties
Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War One listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing^[14], The Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis estimated total dead of 26,000 including 15,000 military deaths due disease^[15]
^ India casualties
British India included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Included in total are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[16].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[17]
Totals include 15,069 military deaths during 1919-21 and 1,841 Canadian Merchant Navy dead^[18]. The 1922 War Office report listed 64,454 Army war dead^[19]
^ Italy casualties
Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[20]
Figures of total military dead are from a 1925 Italian report using official data^[21].
^ War dead figure is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army^[22].
^ New Zealand casualties
Included in total are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[23].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[24]
Totals include 702 military deaths during 1919-21^[25]. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead^[26].
^ Portugal casualties
Figures include the following killed and died of other causes up until Jan.1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,332 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW^[27].
^ Romania casualties
Military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office"^[28]. Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[29].
^ Russia casualties
Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[30]. The estimate of total Russian military losses was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis.^[31]
^ Serbia casualties
Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[32].The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet researcher Boris Urlanis^[33]
^ South Africa casualties
Included in total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[34]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[35]
Totals include 380 military deaths during 1919-21^[36]. The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead^[37].
^ UK and Crown Colonies casualties
Included in total are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds^[38].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2005-2006 is the source of total military dead.^[39]
Military dead total includes 34,663 deaths during 1919-21 and 13,632 British Merchant Navy deaths^[40]. The 1922 War Office report listed 702,410 war dead for the UK^[41], 507 from "Other colonies"^[42] and the Royal Navy (32,287)^[43].
The British Merchant Navy losses of 14,661 were listed separately ^[44]; The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK^[45].
^ United States casualties
Official military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 other deaths.[46], The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead ^[47].
^ "Peace Conference Delegates at Paris". American Journal of International Law. 13 (1): 79–81. January 1919. JSTOR 2187975. OCLC 482602928. Newfoundland Prime Minister Sir William F. Lloyd was a British Empire delegate at Versailles.
^ "World War I Ends in Andorra". The New York Times. UPI. 25 September 1958. p. 66.

المراجع

The War Office (2006) [1922]. Statistics of the military effort of the British Empire during the Great War 1914—1920. Uckfield, East Sussex: Military and Naval Press. ISBN . OCLC 137236769.
Gilbert Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN . OCLC 233987354.
Tucker Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN .
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Annual Report 2005-2006" (PDF).
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission. "Debt of Honour Register".
Urlanis Boris (2003) [1971]. Wars and Population. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. OCLC 123124938. Unknown parameter |original-place= ignored (help)
Huber Michel (1931). La population de la France pendant la guerre, avec un appendice sur Les revenus avant et après la guerre (in French). Paris. OCLC 4226464.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Bujac Jean Léopold Emile (1930). Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique 1918-1922 (in French). Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. OCLC 10808602.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Mortara Giorgio (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra (in Italian). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. OCLC 2099099.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Harries Merion, Harries Susie (1991). Soldiers of the Sun - The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN . OCLC 32615324.
Clodfelter Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000 (2nd ed.). London: McFarland. ISBN . OCLC 48066096.

المصادر

See List of World War I books

Ellis, John and Mike Cox. The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants (2002)
Esposito, Vincent J. The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918 (1997) despite the title covers entire war; online maps from this atlas
Falls, Cyril. The Great War (1960), general military history
Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. Researching World War I: A Handbook (2003), historiography, stressing military themes
Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War (1995)
Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2004)
Trask, David F. The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918 (1961)
Tucker, Spencer, ed. The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History (5 volumes) (2005), online at eBook.com
Tucker, Spencer, ed. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1999)