ألفية روسيا

Coordinates:

ألفية روسيا.

ألفية روسيا (1862)، مع Saint Sophia Cathedral في الخلفية. الصف العلوي من الشخصيات هومصبوب في المحيط والصف الأسفل هونحت بارز.

ألفية روسيا (بالروسية Тысячелетие России؛ بالإنگليزية: Millennium of Russia) هونصب برونزي في كرملن نوڤگورود. وقد أقيم في 1862 في الذكرى الألفية لوصول روريك إلى نوڤگورود، وهوالحدث الذي يُعتبر تقليدياً نقطة بداية تاريخ الدولة الروسية.

A competition to design the monument was held in 1859. An architect Viktor Hartmann and an artist Mikhail Mikeshin were declared the winners. Mikeshin's design called for a grandiose, 15-metre-high bell crowned by a cross symbolizing the tsar's power. The bell was to be encircled with several tiers of sculptures representing Russian monarchs, clerics, generals, and artists active during various periods of Russian history.

Mikeshin himself was no sculptor, therefore the 129 individual statues for the monument were made by the leading Russian sculptors of the day, including his friend Ivan Schroeder and the celebrated Alexander Opekushin. Rather unexpectedly for such an official project, the tsars and commanders were represented side by side with sixteen eminent personalities of Russian culture: Lomonosov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Karl Brullov, Mikhail Glinka, etc. As for the Russian rulers, Ivan the Terrible is famously absent from the monument due to his role in the 1570 pillage and massacre of Novgorod by the Oprichnina. Alongside the Muscovite princes, the mediaeval Lithuanian dynasts such as Gediminas or Vytautas the Great who reigned over the Eastern Slavs of the present-day Belarus and Ukraine are represented.

عملة تذكارية سوڤيتية صدرت في 1988.

طابع بريد روسي. في ذكرى مرور 1140 عام على تأسيس الدولة الروسية (2002)

The most expensive Russian monument up to that time, it was erected at a cost of 400,000 roubles, mostly raised by public subscription. In order to provide an appropriate pedestal for the huge sculpture, sixteen blocks of Sortavala granite were brought to Novgorod, each weighing in excess of 35 tons. The bronze monument itself weighs 100 tons.

At the time when the monument was inaugurated, many art critics felt that it was overloaded with figures. Supporters regard Mikeshin's design as harmonious with the medieval setting of the Kremlin, and subtly accentuating the vertical thrust and grandeur of the nearby 11th-century Saint Sophia Cathedral.

أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية، فكك النازيون النصب، وحضـّروه ليـُنقلوه إلى ألمانيا. إلا حتى الجيش الأحمر استعاد السيطرة على نوڤگورود وأعيد ترميم النصب وافتـُتـِح للعامة في 1944. وصدرت عملة تذكارية من فئة 5-روبل في الاتحاد السوڤيتي في 1988 تخليداً للنصب.

المستوى الأوسط

الاسم	الاسم بالروسية	السنة التاريخية	الوصف
The arrival of the Varangians in Rus	Призвание варягов на Русь	862	The statue of the first warrior prince Rurik with helmet and shield with the inscription "year 6370" (since the creation of the world). Rurik wears a fur on his shoulders, behind him the pagan Slavic god Veles can be seen. The figure looks south-west, in the direction of Kiev.
The Christianization of Rus	Крещение Руси	988	في الوسط، يمكن العثور على الأمير الأكبر لكييڤ ڤلاديمير الأكبر، رافعاً صليباً أرثوذكسيا. وبجانبه إمرأة تحمل طفلها للتعميد وسلاڤي يتبرأ من الإله الوثني پـِرون. التشكيل ينظر في اتجاه الجنوب الشرقي.
بداية طرد التتار	Начало изгнания татар	1380	Dmitry Donskoi, the victor in the Battle of Kulikovo, holds a Russian mace in his right hand. At his feet lies Mamai, the defeated warlord of the Golden Horde. In the left hand Dmitry Donskoi holds a captured bunchuk, the Tatar symbol of power. The composition looks east.
تأسيس قيصرية روسية مستقلة	Основание самодержавного царства Русского	1491	إيڤان الأكبر في رداء الأباطرة البيزنطيين مع Monomach's Cap. In his hands he holds a scepter and a globus cruciger. In front of him, a Tatar is kneeling, beside him, a Lithuanian is lying, representing Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as a Teutonic knight with a broken sword, representing the Order of الفرسان التيوتون. The composition looks north-east.
تنصيب أسرة رومانوڤ على العرش	Начало династии Романовых	1613	القيصر الشاب ميخائيل من روسيا يرتقي عرش روسيا بعد التغلب على زمن الشدائد. Prince Dmitry Pozharsky who represents the nobility protects him with his sword while Kuzma Minin who represents the people offers him the Monomach's Cap and the scepter. In the background, a figure of a Siberian Cossack can be found which symbolizes the colonization of Siberia to come.
خلق الامبراطورية الروسية	Образование Российской империи	1721	Peter the Great with laurel wreath and scepter in the right hand is supported by an angel showing him the way to the north-west where the future city of سانت پطرسبورگ shall be founded. At Peter's feet, defeated Swede can be found trying to protect his torn flag. This symbolizes the Russian victory in the Great Northern War. The composition looks north-west.

المستوى الأسفل

رجال التنوير:		رجال الدولة:		العسكر والأبطال:		الكتاب والفنانون:
	Cyril and Methodius, missionaries of Slavs		ياروسلاڤ الحكيم، Grand Prince of Kiev		سڤياتوسلاڤ الأول من كييڤ, Grand Prince of Kiev		ميخائيل لومونوسوڤ، متعدد المواهب
	Olga of Kiev, Grand Princess of Kiev		Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev		Mstislav Mstislavich, Prince of Novgorod and Galicia		Denis Fonvizin, playwright
	Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev		Gediminas, Grand Prince of Lithuania		Daniel of Galicia, Prince of Galicia		Alexander Kokorinov, architect
	Abraham of Rostov, bishop of Rostov		Algirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania		Daumantas, Prince of Pskov		Gavrila Derzhavin, poet and statesman
	Anthony of Kiev, founder of the Monastery of the Caves		Vytautas, Grand Prince of Lithuania		Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir		Fyodor Volkov, actor
	Theodosius of Kiev, Kievan monk		Ivan the Great, Grand Prince of Moscow		Michael of Tver, Prince of Tver		Nikolai Karamzin, playwright and historian
	Kuksha of the Kiev Caves, Kievan monk		Sylvester, clergyman and statesman		Dmitry Donskoi, Grand Prince of Moscow		Ivan Krylov, poet of fables
	Nestor the Chronicler, chronicler of the Russian history		Anastasia Romanovna, first wife of Ivan the Terrible		Kęstutis, Grand Prince of Lithuania		Vasily Zhukovsky, poet and translator
	Cyril of White Lake, Founder of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery		Alexey Adashev, Ivan IV's bosom friend and advisor		Daniil Kholmsky, general		Nikolay Gnedich, Poet and translator
	Stephen of Perm, Bishop and Missionary of Perm		Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow		Mikhail Vorotynsky، فيلد مارشال		Aleksandr Griboyedov, Writer and Diplomat
	Alexius of Moscow, Metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow		Michael Romanov, first Romanov tsar		Daniil Shchenya, military leader		Mikhail Lermontov, poet and writer
	Sergius of Radonezh, spiritual leader		Filaret, Patriarch of Moscow		Marfa Boretskaya, Posadnik of Novgorod		Alexander Pushkin, poet and writer
	Peter Mogila, Metropolitan of Kiev		Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin, Diplomat		Yermak Timofeyevich, Cossack leader		Nikolai Gogol, Writer
	Zosima of Solovki, Founder of the Solovetsky Monastery		Artamon Matveyev, Statesman and Diplomat		Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky, military leader		Mikhail Glinka, Composer
	Maximus the Greek, Writer and scholar		Alexei I, Tsar		Dmitry Pozharsky, Prince		Karl Briullov, Painter
	Savvatiy, Founder of the Solovetsky Monastery		Peter the Great, Tsar and first emperor		Kuzma Minin, Organizer of the People's Army		Dmitry Bortniansky, Composer
	Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of Moscow		Yakov Dolgorukov, advisor to Peter I		Avraamy Palitsyn, Monk and Writer
	Macarius of Moscow, Metropolitan of Moscow		Ivan Betskoy, Statesman and Reformer		Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of the Zaporizhian cossacks
	Varsonofius of Tver, Archbishop of Tver		Catherine the Great, Empress		Ivan Susanin, Folk hero
	Guriy of Kazan, Archbishop of Kazan		Alexander Bezborodko, Statesman and Diplomat		Boris Sheremetev، فيلد مارشال and Diplomat
	Konstantin Ostrozhsky, Prince and voivode of Kiev		Grigory Potyomkin, Statesman and Diplomat		Mikhail Golitsyn، فيلد مارشال
	Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow		Viktor Kochubey، رجل دولة ودبلوماسي		Pyotr Saltykov، فيلد مارشال
	Fyodor Rtishchev, Philanthropist		Alexander I, Tsar		Burkhard von Münnich، فيلد مارشال
	Dimitry of Rostov, Churchman and composer		Mikhail Speransky، رجل دولة		ألكسي أورلوڤ، جنرال
	Tikhon of Zadonsk, Archbishop of Ladoga and Voronezh		Mikhail Vorontsov، فيلد مارشال		Pyotr Rumyantsev، فيلد مارشال
	Mitrofan of Voronezh, Archbishop of Voronezh		Nicholas I, Tsar		Alexander Suvorov، جنراليسيمو
	Georgy Konissky, Archbishop of Belarus				Michael Barclay de Tolly، فيلد مارشال
	Feofan Prokopovich, Archbishop of Novgorod; Statesman				ميخائيل كوتوزوڤ، فيلد مارشال
	Platon Levshin, Metropolitan of Moscow				Dmitry Senyavin، أميرال
	Innocent, Archbishop of Chersonesos Taurica				Matvei Platov, General
					Pyotr Bagration, General
					Karl Diebitsch-Sabalkanski، فيلد مارشال
					Ivan Paskevich، فيلد مارشال
					Mikhail Lazarev، أميرال
					Vladimir Kornilov, نائب أميرال
					پاڤل ناخيموڤ، أميرال

معرض صور

Artwork by Bogdan Willewalde, the opening of the monument to the 1000th anniversary of Russia in Novgorod in 1862
Millennium of Russia on a 5-ruble banknote
The construction of the monument in 1862.
The Commemorative medal of the monument in 1862 when the construction was finished, "In memory of the Millennium of Russia"