جيمس مكدونالد رامزاي، FRS (né James McDonald Ramsay؛ 12 أكتوبر 1866 –تسعة نوفمبر 1937)، هورجل دولة بريطاني ورئيس الوزراء من حزب العمال، زعيم الحركات العمالية في 1924، 1929-1931 وطُرد من الحزب الذي ساعد في تأسيسه، والحكومة الوطنية من 1931 حتى 1935.

تاريخياً يعتبر مكدونالد، برفقة كير هاردي وأرثر هندرسون، المؤسسون الأساسيون حزب العمال. خطبه، أوراقه وخطه صنعت منه منظراً بارزاً، لكنه لعب دوراً أكثر أهمية كزعيم لحزب العمال. كان رئيساً لمجلس الوزراء من 1911 حتى 1914. وانتقد بشدة لمعارضته الحرب العالمية الأولى، وفقد مقعده في 1918. الموجة المعارضة للحرب والتي كانت سائدة في العشرينيات كانت بمثابة رد اعتباره لمكدونالد، الذي عاد للبرلمان عام 1022، بعدما حل حزبه محل الحزب الليبرالي كثاني أكبر حزب.

حياته

لوسيماوث

شبه الاشتراكي الشاب في لندن

السياسات النشطة

زعيم الحزب

1920–1924

الحكومة الأولى (1924)

الشؤون الخارجية

رسالة زينوڤيڤ

منطق رئيسي: رسالة زينوڤيڤ

الحكومة الثانية والحكومة الوطنية (1929–1935)

حكومة العمال الثانية (1929–1931)

الكساد الكبير

منطق رئيسي: الكساد الكبير في المملكة المتحدة

تشكيل الحكومة الوطنية

الانتخابات العامة 1931

رئاسة الحكومة الوطنية (1931–1935)

التقاعد

سنواته الأخيرة ووفاته

ذكراه

التصوير الثقافي

حياته الشخصية

حكومات مكدونالد

حكومة العمال الأولى: يناير–نوفمبر1924

• Ramsay MacDonald: Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Haldane: Lord Chancellor and joint Leader of the House of Lords
• Lord Parmoor: Lord President of the Council and joint Leader of the House of Lords
• John Robert Clynes: Lord Privy Seal and Deputy Leader of the House of Commons
• Philip Snowden: Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Arthur Henderson: Home Secretary
• James Henry Thomas: Secretary of State for the Colonies
• Stephen Walsh: Secretary of State for War
• Sir Sydney Olivier: Secretary of State for India
• William Adamson: Secretary for Scotland
• Lord Thomson: Secretary for Air
• Lord Chelmsford: First Lord of the Admiralty
• Josiah Wedgwood: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Sidney Webb: President of the Board of Trade
• Noel Buxton: Minister of Agriculture
• Charles Philips Trevelyan: President of the Board of Education
• Vernon Hartshorn: Postmaster-General
• Frederick William Jowett: First Commissioner of Works
• Thomas Shaw: Minister of Labour
• John Wheatley: Minister of Health

حكومة العمال الثانية: يونيو1929 – أغسطس 1931

• Ramsay MacDonald: Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Sankey: Lord Chancellor
• Lord Parmoor: Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Lords
• J. H. Thomas: Lord Privy Seal
• Philip Snowden: Chancellor of the Exchequer
• J. R. Clynes: Home Secretary
• Arthur Henderson: Foreign Secretary
• Lord Passfield: Secretary of State for the Colonies and Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs
• Thomas Shaw- Secretary of State for War
• William Wedgwood Benn: Secretary of State for India
• Lord Thomson: Secretary of State for Air
• William Adamson: Secretary of State for Scotland
• A. V. Alexander: First Lord of the Admiralty
• William Graham: President of the Board of Trade
• Sir Charles Philips Trevelyan: President of the Board of Education
• Noel Buxton: Minister of Agriculture
• Margaret Bondfield: Minister of Labour
• Arthur Greenwood: Minister of Health
• George Lansbury: First Commissioner of Works

الحكومة الوطنية الأولى: أغسطس–نوفمبر 1931

• Ramsay MacDonald: Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Sankey: Lord Chancellor*
• Stanley Baldwin: Lord President**
• Philip Snowden: Chancellor of the Exchequer*
• Sir Herbert Samuel: Home Secretary***
• Lord Reading: Foreign Secretary and Leader of the House of Lords***
• Sir Samuel Hoare: Secretary for India**
• J.H. Thomas: Dominions Secretary and Colonial Secretary*
• Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister: President of the Board of Trade**
• Neville Chamberlain: Minister of Health**

الحكومة الوطنية الثانية: نوفمبر 1931 – مايو1935

• Ramsay MacDonald: Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Sankey: Lord Chancellor*
• Stanley Baldwin: Lord President**
• Lord Snowden: Lord Privy Seal*
• Neville Chamberlain: Chancellor of the Exchequer**
• Sir Herbert Samuel: Home Secretary***
• Sir John Simon: Foreign Secretary****
• Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister: Colonial Secretary**
• J.H. Thomas: Dominions Secretary*
• Lord Hailsham: Secretary of State for War and Leader of the House of Lords**
• Sir Samuel Hoare: Secretary of State for India**
• Lord Londonderry: Secretary for Air**
• Sir Archibald Sinclair: Secretary of State for Scotland***
• Sir B. Eyres-Monsell: First Lord of the Admiralty**
• Walter Runciman: President of the Board of Trade****
• Sir John Gilmour: Minister of Agriculture**
• Sir Donald Maclean: President of the Board of Education***
• Sir Henry Betterton: Minister of Labour**
• Sir E. Hilton-Young: Minister of Health**
• William Ormsby-Gore: First Commissioner of Works**

المفتاح

• * = عضوالعمال الوطني
• ** = Member of the حزب المحافظين
• *** = Member of the الحزب الليبرالي
• **** = Member of the الحزب الليبرالي الوطني

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

• Carlton, David. MacDonald versus Henderson: The Foreign Policy of the Second Labour Government (2014).
• Heppell, Timothy, and Kevin Theakston, eds. How Labour Governments Fall: From Ramsay Macdonald to Gordon Brown (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
• Hinks, John Ramsay MacDonald: the Leicester years (1906–1918), Leicester, 1996
• Howell, David MacDonald's Party. Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922–1931, Oxford: OUP 2002; ISBN 0-19-820304-7
• Kitching, Carolyn J. "Prime minister and foreign secretary: the dual role of James Ramsay MacDonald in 1924." Review of International Studies 37#3 (2011): 1403-1422.
• Lloyd, Trevor. "Ramsay MacDonald: Socialist or Gentleman?." Canadian Journal of History/Annales Canadiennes d'Histoire 15#3 (1980) online.
• Lyman, Richard W. The First Labour Government, 1924 (Chapman & Hall, 1957).
• Lyman, Richard W. "James Ramsay MacDonald and the Leadership of the Labour Party, 1918-22." Journal of British Studies 2#1 (1962): 132-160.
• Marquand, David Ramsay MacDonald, (London: Jonathan Cape 1977); ISBN 0-224-01295-9; 902pp; the standard scholarly biography; favourable
• McKibbin, Ross I. "James Ramsay MacDonald and the Problem of the Independence of the Labour Party, 1910-1914." Journal of Modern History 42#2 (1970): 216-235. in JSTOR
• Marquand, David. Ramsay MacDonald (Jonathan Cape, 1977); The most comprehensive scholarly biography; it launched his rehabilitation.
• Marquand, David. "MacDonald, (James) Ramsay (1866–1937)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2009 accessedتسعة Sept 2012; doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34704
• Morgan, Austen. J. Ramsay MacDonald, (1987) ISBN 0-7190-2168-5; Marxist approach.
• Morgan, Kevin. Ramsay Macdonald (2006)excerpt and text search
• Morgan, Kenneth O. Labour People: Leaders and Lieutenants Hardy to Kinnock (1987) pp 39–53.
• Mowat, C. L. "Ramsay MacDonald and the Labour Party," in Essays in Labour History 1886–1923, edited by Asa Briggs, and John Saville, (1971)
• Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955).
• Owen, Nicholas (2007). "MacDonald's Parties: The Labour Party and the 'Aristocratic Embrace' 1922–31". Twentieth Century British History. 18 (1): 1–53. doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwl043.
• Phillips, Gordon: The Rise of the Labour Party 1893–1931, (Routledge 1992).
• Riddell, Neil. Labour in Crisis: The Second Labour Government, 1929-31 (1999).
• Robbins, Keith (1994). . A&C Black. pp. 239–72. ISBN .
• Rosen, Greg (ed.) Dictionary of Labour Biography, London: Politicos Publishing 2001; ISBN 978-1-902301-18-1
• Rosen, Greg (ed.) Old Labour to New. The Dreams That Inspired, the Battles That Divided (London: Politicos Publishing 2005; ISBN 978-1-84275-045-2).
• Sacks, Benjamin. J. Ramsay MacDonald in Thought and Action (University of New Mexico Press, 1952), favourable biography by American scholar
• Shepherd, John. "The Lad from Lossiemouth," History Today (Nov 2007) 57#11 pp 31–33, historiography
• Shepherd, John and Keith Laybourn. Britain's First Labour Government (2006).
• Shepherd, John. The Second Labour Government: A reappraisal (2012).
• Skidelsky, Robert. Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929–1931 (1967).
• Taylor, A.J.P. English History: 1914–1945 (1965)
• Thorpe, Andrew. "Arthur Henderson and the British political crisis of 1931." Historical Journal 31#1 (1988): 117-139, On the expulsion of MacDonald from the Labour Party.
• Thorpe, Andrew Britain in the 1930s. The Deceptive Decade (Blackwell 1992; ISBN 0-631-17411-7)
• Ward, Stephen R. James Ramsay MacDonald: Low Born among the High Brows (1990).
• Weir, L. MacNeill. The Tragedy of Ramsay MacDonald: A Political Biography (1938). Highly influential and extremely negative account by a former aide.
• Williamson, Philip : National Crisis and National Government. British Politics, the Economy and the Empire, 1926–1932, Cambridge: CUP 1992; ISBN 0-521-36137-0
• Wrigley, Chris. "James Ramsay MacDonald 1922–1931," in Leading Labour: From Keir Hardie to Tony Blair, edited by Kevin Jefferys, (1999)

تأريخ

• Callaghan, John, et al. eds., Interpreting the Labour Party: Approaches to Labour Politics and History (2003) online; also online free
• Loades, David, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (2003) 2:836-37.

مراجع أساسية

• Barker, Bernard (ed.) Ramsay MacDonald's Political Writings (Allen Lane, 1972).
• Cox, Jane A Singular Marriage: A Labour Love Story in Letters and Diaries (of Ramsay and Margaret MacDonald), London: Harrap 1988; ISBN 978-0-245-54676-1
• MacDonald, Ramsay The Socialist Movement (1911) online; free copy
• MacDonald, Ramsay Labour and Peace, Labour Party 1912
• MacDonald, Ramsay Parliament and Revolution, Labour Party 1919
• MacDonald, Ramsay Foreign Policy of the Labour Party, Labour Party 1923
• MacDonald, Ramsay Margaret Ethel MacDonald, 1924

وصلات خارجية

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Ramsay MacDonald
• A left-wing criticism of Macdonald's career Socialist Review
• More about Ramsay MacDonald Prime Minister's Office
• Ramsay MacDonald Papers, 1893–1937
• Biographical website dedicated to Harriet Cohen MacDonald was a close friend of hers
• نطقب:NPG name
• نطقب:UK National Archives ID