ماتيوريتشي Matteo Ricci، S.J. (النطق بالإيطالية: [matˈtɛːo ˈrittʃi]؛ باللاتينية: Mattheus Riccius Maceratensis؛ ‏6 أكتوبر 1552 – 11 مايو1610)، كان قساً يسوعياً إيطالياً وأحد الشخصيات المؤسسة في الإرساليات اليسوعية إلى الصين. خريطته للعالم في 1602 بالحروف الصينية قدّمت نتائج الاستكشافات الأوروپية إلى شرق آسيا. ويُعتبر خادم الرب في الكاثوليكية الرومانية.

وصل ريتشي إلى المستوطنة البرتغالية مكاوفي 1582 حيث بدأ عمله التبشيري في الصين. وقد أصبح أول أوروبي يدخل المدينة المحرمة في بكين في 1601 حين نادىه الامبراطور وان‌لي، الذي طلب خدماته الخاصة في أمور مثل فلك البلاط وفهم التقويم. وقد أقنع الكثير من المسئولين البارزين الصينيين باعتناق الكاثوليكية، مثل زميله شوگوانگ‌چي، الذي ساعده في ترجمة العناصر لإقليدس إلى الصينية وكذلك الكلاسيكيات الكونفوشية إلى اللاتينية لأول مرة.

النشأة

وُلِد ريتشي فيستة أكتوبر 1552، في ماتشراتا، في الدويلات الپاپوية، وحالياً هي مدينة في منطقة ماركى الإيطالية. وقد قام بدراساته الكلاسيكية في مسقط رأسه ثم تفهم القانون في روما لعامين. ثم انضم لجمعية يسوع في أبريل 1571 في الكلية الرومانية. وبينما كان هناك، بالإضافة للفلسفة واللاهوت، فقد تفهم أيضاً الرياضيات وقراءة الطالع والفلك تحت إشراف الأب كريستوفر كلاڤيوس. وفي 1577، تقدم بطلب الالتحاق بتجريدة إرسالية إلى الشرق الأقصى. وأبحر من لشبونة، البرتغال في مارس 1578 ووصل گوا، المستعمرة البرتغالية، في سبتمبر التالي. وبقي ريتشي هناك عاملاً في التعليم والإكليروس حتى نهاية الصوم الكبير، 1582، حين اِستُدعي إلى مكاوللاستعداد لدخول الصين. وصل ريتشي مكاوفي مطلع أغسطس.

ريتشي في الصين

في أغسطس 1582، وصل ريتشي إلى مكاو، نقطة التجارة البرتغالية في بحر الصين الجنوبي. At the time, Christian missionary activity in China was almost completely limited to Macau, where some of the local Chinese people had converted to Christianity and lived in the Portuguese manner. No Christian missionary had attempted seriously to learn the Chinese language until 1579 (three years before Ricci's arrival), when Michele Ruggieri was invited from Portuguese India expressly to study Chinese, by Alessandro Valignano, founder of St. Paul Jesuit College (Macau), and to prepare for the Jesuits' mission from Macau into بر الصين الرئيسي.

وما حتى وصل مكاو، تفهم ريتشي اللغة والعادات الصينية. وكانت بداية مشروع طويل جعله أحد أوائل الدارسين الغربيين الذين تمكنوا من ناصية الكتابة الصينية والصينية الكلاسيكية. With Ruggieri, he traveled to Guangdong's major cities, Canton and Zhaoqing (then the residence of the Viceroy of Guangdong and Guangxi), seeking to establish a permanent Jesuit mission outside Macau.

There is now a memorial plaque in Zhaoqing to commemorate Ricci's six-year stay there, as well as a "Ricci Memorial Centre" in a building dating from the 1860s.

Expelled from Zhaoqing in 1589, Ricci obtained permission to relocate to Shaoguan (Shaozhou, in Ricci's account) in the north of the province, and reestablish his mission there.

في 1583, Ricci and Ruggieri settled in Zhaoqing, at the invitation of the governor of Zhaoqing, Wang Pan, who had heard of Ricci's skill as a mathematician and cartographer. Ricci stayed in Zhaoqing from 1583 to 1589, when he was expelled by a new viceroy. It was in Zhaoqing, in 1584, that Ricci composed the first European-style world map in Chinese, called "Da Ying Quan Tu"(بالصينية: 大瀛全圖; حرفياً "Complete Map of the Great World"). No prints of the 1584 map are known to exist, but, of the much improved and expanded Kunyu Wanguo Quantu of 1602, six recopied, rice-paper versions survive.

مقاربة ريتشي للثقافة الصينية

Ricci could speak Chinese as well as read and write classical Chinese, the literary language of scholars and officials. He was known for his appreciation of Chinese culture in general but condemned the prostitution which was widespread in Beijing at the time. During his research, he discovered that in contrast to the cultures of South Asia, Chinese culture was strongly intertwined with Confucian values and therefore decided to use existing Chinese concepts to explain Christianity. With Superior Valignano's formal approval, he aligned himself with the Confucian intellectually elite literati, and even adopted their mode of dress. He did not explain the Catholic faith as entirely foreign or new; instead, he said that the Chinese culture and people always believed in God and that Christianity is simply the completion of their faith.^:323 He borrowed an unusual Chinese term, (天主, "Lord of Heaven") to describe the God of Abraham, despite the term's origin in traditional Chinese worship of Heaven. (He also cited many synonyms from the Confucian Classics.) He supported Chinese traditions by agreeing with the veneration of family ancestors. Dominican and Franciscan missionaries considered this an unacceptable accommodation, and later appealed to the Vatican on the issue.^:324 This Chinese rites controversy continued for centuries, with the most recent Vatican statement as recently as 1939. Some contemporary authors have praised Ricci as an exemplar of beneficial inculturation, avoiding at the same time distorting the Gospel message or neglecting the indigenous cultural media.

Like developments in India, the identification of European culture with Christianity led almost to the end of Catholic missions in China, but Christianity continued to grow in Sichuan and some other locations.^:324

Xu Guangqi and Ricci become the first two to translate some of the Confucian classics into a western language, Latin.

Ricci also met a Korean emissary to China, Yi Sugwang. He taught Yi the basic tenets of Catholicism and gave him several books concerning the west which were incorporated into his Jibong Yuseol, the first Korean encyclopedia. Along with João Rodrigues's gifts to the ambassador Jeong Duwon in 1631, Ricci's gifts influenced the creation of Korea's Silhak movement.

سبب تطويبه

سبب تطويبه، الذي بدأ في الأصل في 1984، كان قد أعيد فتحه في 24 يناير 2010، في كاتدرائية أبرشية ماتشراتا-تولنتينو-ركاناتي-تشنگولي-تريا الإيطالية. الأسقف كلاوديوجوليودوري، الاداري الرسولي لأبرشية ماتشراتا، أغلق رسميا الطور الأسقفي من عملية التقديس فيعشرة مايو2013. وانتقلت العملية إلى مجمع طلبات التقديس في الڤاتيكان في 2014.

تخليد ذكراه

The following places and institutions are named after Matteo Ricci:

• Matteo Ricci Pacific Studies Reading Room at The National Central Library في تايوان
• Ricci Hall, a dormitory at The University of Hong Kong
• Ricci Building, a building at Wah Yan College, Kowloon in Hong Kong
• The Matteo Ricci Study Hall, at the Ateneo de Manila University
• Matteo Ricci College, Kowloon in Hong Kong
• Matteo Ricci College, at Seattle University
• Colégio Mateus Ricci,Macau
• Sekolah Katolik Ricci 1 and 2 in Jakarta, Indonesia
• Taipei Ricci Institute, Taiwan
• Macau Ricci Institute,Macau
• Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History at the University of San Francisco.
• The Matteo Ricci Seminar at Fordham University
• Matteo Ricci Hall-"R" Hall, Ricci Hall Annex-"RA" Hall, two buildings at Sogang University in Seoul, South Korea

In the run-up to the 400th anniversary of Ricci's death, the Vatican Museums hosted a major exhibit dedicated to his life. Additionally, Italian film director Gjon Kolndrekaj produced a 60-minute documentary about Ricci, released in 2009, titled Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Dragon's Kingdom, filmed in Italy and China.

In Taipei, the Taipei Ricci Institute and the National Central Library of Taiwan opened jointly the Matteo Ricci Pacific Studies Reading Room and the Taipei-based online magazine eRenlai, directed by Jesuit Benoît Vermander, dedicated its June 2010 issue to the commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Ricci's death.

المعنى الحقيقي لسيد السماء

The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (天主實義) is a book written by Ricci, which argues that Confucianism and Christianity are not opposed and in fact are remarkably similar in key respects. Ricci used the treatise in his missionary effort to convert Chinese literati, men who were educated in Confucianism and the Chinese classics. There was controversy over whether Ricci and other Jesuits had gone too far and changed Christian beliefs to win converts.

Peter Phan argues that True Meaning was used by a Jesuit missionary to Vietnam, Alexandre de Rhodes, in writing a catechism for Vietnamese Christians. In 1631, Girolamo Maiorica and Bernardino Reggio, both Jesuit missionaries to Vietnam, started a short-lived press in Thăng Long (present-day Hanoi) to print copies of True Meaning and other texts. The book was also influential on later Protestant missionaries to China, James Legge and Timothy Richard, and through them John Nevius, John Ross, and William Edward Soothill, all influential in establishing Protestantism in China and Korea.

الأعمال

• De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas: the journals of Ricci that were completed and translated into Latin by another Jesuit, Nicolas Trigault, soon after Ricci's death. Available in various editions:
  • Trigault, Nicolas S. J. "China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Mathew Ricci: 1583-1610". English translation by Louis J. Gallagher, S.J. (New York: Random House, Inc. 1953).
  • On Chinese Government, an excerpt from Chapter One of Gallagher's translation.
  • De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas, full Latin text, available on Google Books
  • A discourse of the Kingdome of China, taken out of Ricius and Trigautius, containing the countrey, people, government, religion, rites, sects, characters, studies, arts, acts; and a Map of China added, drawne out of one there made with Annotations for the understanding thereof (an early English translation of excerpts from De Christiana expeditione) in Purchas his Pilgrimes (1625). Can be found in the "Hakluytus posthumus". The book also appears on Google Books, but only in snippet view.
• An excerpt from The Art of Printing by Matteo Ricci
• Ricci's World Map of 1602
• Rare 1602 World Map, the First Map in Chinese to Show the Americas, on Display at Library of Congress, 12 Jan toعشرة April 2010.
• The Chinese translation of the ancient Greek mathematical treatise Euclid's Elements (幾何原本), published and printed in 1607 by Matteo Ricci and his Chinese colleague Xu Guangqi

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

• Dehergne, Joseph, S.J. (1973). Répertoire des Jésuites de Chine de 1552 à 1800. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I. OCLC 462805295
• Hsia, R. Po-chia. (2007). "The Catholic Mission and translations in China, 1583–1700" in Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe (Peter Burke and R. Po-chia Hsia, eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521862080 ISBN 0521862086; OCLC 76935903
• Spence, Jonathan D.. (1984). The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670468300; OCLC 230623792
• Vito Avarello, L'oeuvre italienne de Matteo Ricci : anatomie d'une rencontre chinoise, Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2014, 738p. (ISBN 978-2-8124-3107-4)

للاستزادة

• Cronin, Vincent. (1955). The Wise Man from the West: Matteo Ricci and his Mission to China. (1955). OCLC 664953 N.B.: A convenient paperback reissue of this study was published in 1984 by Fount Paperbacks, ISBN 0-00-626749-1.
• Gernet, Jacques. (1981). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521313198 ISBN 9780521313193; OCLC 21173711
• George L. Harris, "The Mission of Matteo Ricci, S.J.: A Case Study of an Effort at Guided Culture Change in China in The Sixteenth Century", in Monumenta Serica, Vol. XXV, 1966 (168 pp.).
• Simon Leys, Madness of the Wise : Ricci in China, an article from his book, The Burning Forest (1983). This is an interesting account, and contains a critical review of The Memory Palace by Jonathan D. Spence.
• Mao Weizhun, « European influences on Chinese humanitarian practices. A longitudinal study » in : Emulations - Journal of young scholars in Social Sciences, n°7 (June 2010).
• [[[:نطقب:Wdl]] "職方外紀 六卷卷首一卷"] Check |url= value (help) [Chronicle of Foreign Lands]. World Digital Library. 1623. This book explains Matteo Ricci's world map of 1574.
• 《利瑪竇世界地圖研究》(A Study of Matteo Ricci's World Map), book in Chinese by HUANG Shijian and GONG Yingyan (黃時鑒 龔纓晏), 上海古籍出版社 (Shanghai Ancient Works Publishing House), 2004年, ISBN 9787532536962

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Matteo Ricci.

• Inculturation: Matteo Ricci's Legacy in China [Short videos from Georgetown's Ricci Legacy Symposium.]
• : Matteo Ricci, S.J.
• The Zhaoqing Ricci Center
• Ricci Institute for Chinese-Western Cultural History
• Rotary Club Macerata Matteo Ricci (in Italian)
• Matteo Ricci moves closer toward beatification

نطقب:Notable foreigners who visited China