ستارلنك
Starlink is a satellite constellation development project underway by American company SpaceX, to develop a low-cost, high-performance satellite bus and requisite customer ground transceivers to implement a new space-based Internet communication system. SpaceX also plans to sell satellites that use a satellite bus that may be used for military, scientific or exploratory purposes.
SpaceX has plans to deploy nearly 12,000 satellites in three orbital shells by the mid-2020s: initially placing approximately 1600 in a 550-kiloمتر (1,800,000 ft)-altitude shell, subsequently placing ~2800 - and -band spectrum sats at 1,150 kم (3,770,000 قدم) and ~7500 V-band sats at 340 kم (1,120,000 قدم). The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build and deploy such a network is estimated at nearly US$10 billion.
Product development began in 2015, and two prototype test-flight satellites were launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation occurred on 24 May 2019 (UTC) when the first 60 operational satellites were launched. Initial commercial operation of the constellation could begin in 2020.
The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington, houses the research, development, manufacturing and on-orbit control operations for the satellite Internet project.
التاريخ
| Phase | Orbit shell (Km) | Number of satellites | Half size contractual completion time | Full size contractual completion time | Current completion (23 May 2019) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 550 | 4,409 | March 2024 | March 2027 | 62[بحاجة لمصدر] |
| 2 | 340 | 7,518 | November 2024 | November 2027 | 0[بحاجة لمصدر] |
Launches
By March 2019, SpaceX listed the first launch of operational Starlink satellites for no earlier than May 2019. The deployment of the first 1,584 will be into 40 orbital planes of 66 satellites each, but with a requested lower minimum elevation angle: 25 degrees rather than the 40 degrees of the other two orbital shells.
| Flight № | Date and time (UTC) | Launch site | Launch vehicle | Orbit altitude (km) | Inclination | Number deployed | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | February 22, 2018 14:17 UTC | Vandenberg | F9 FT ♺ B1038.2 | 514 | 97.44°[بحاجة لمصدر] | 2 | نجاح |
| Two test satellites known as Tintin A and B (MicroSat-2a and 2b) that were deployed as co-payloads to the Paz satellite. | |||||||
| 2 | May 24, 2019 02:30 UTC |
CCAFS SLC-40 | F9 B5 ♺ B1049.3 | 440 to 550 | ~53° | 60 | نجاح |
| Second launch of test satellites for SpaceX's Starlink constellation. Said to be "production design", these will be used to test various aspects of the network, including deorbiting. They will not have satellite interlink capabilities and will only be able to communicate with stationary ground antennas. | |||||||
| 3 | 2019 (TBD) | CC 39A or 40 | F9 B5 ♺ | TBD | مزمعة | ||
| Third launch | |||||||
| 4 | 2019 (TBD) | CC 39A or 40 | F9 B5 ♺ | TBD | مزمعة | ||
| Fourth launch | |||||||
الخدمات
الإنترنت العالمي واسع الحزمة
SpaceX intends to provide broadband internet connectivity to underserved areas of the planet, as well as provide competitively-priced service to urban areas. The company has stated that the positive cashflow from selling satellite internet services would be necessary to fund their Mars plans.
Use beyond Earth
In the long term, SpaceX intends to develop and deploy a version of the satellite communication system to serve Mars.
Satellite hardware
The Internet communication satellites were expected to be in the smallsat-class of 100-to-500 kغ (3,500-to-17,600 أونصة)-mass, and were intended to be in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an altitude of approximately 1,100 kiloمترs (3,600,000 ft), according to early public releases of information in 2015. In the event, the first large deployment of 60 satellites in May 2019 were 227 kiloغرامs (500 رطل) and SpaceX decided to place the satellites at a relatively low 550 kiloمترs (1,800,000 ft), due to concerns about the space environment. Initial plans اعتبارا من يناير 2015[تحديث] were for the constellation to be made up of approximately 4,000 cross-linked satellites, more than twice as many operational satellites as were in orbit in January 2015.
انظر أيضاً
- Globalstar – an operational low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation for satellite phone and low-speed data communications
- Iridium satellite constellation – an operational constellation of 66 active LEO satellites for global satellite phone service
- OneWeb satellite constellation – an under-construction LEO satellite constellation, to provide global Internet broadband service to individual consumers from 2020
- ORBCOMM – an operational constellation used to provide global asset monitoring and messaging services from its constellation of 29 LEO communications satellites orbiting at 775 km
- Teledesic – a former (1990s) venture to accomplish broadband satellite Internet services
- ViaSat Communications – offers an operational Internet service from four geostationary satellites
- Laser communication in space – key technology used to establish the inter-satellite links of the Starlink constellation
- O3b Networks - medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellite constellation primarily intended to provide voice and data to mobile operators and Internet service providers, and is a wholly owned subsidiary of SES S.A
Notes
- ^ Falconتسعة first-stage boosters are designated with a construction serial number and an optional flight number when reused, e.g. B1021.1 and B1021.2 represent the two flights of booster B1021. Launches using reused boosters are denoted with a recycled symbol ♺.
References
- ^ Grush, Loren (15 February 2018). "SpaceX is about to launch two of its space Internet satellites — the first of nearly 12,000". The Verge. Retrieved 16 February 2018.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةsn20161005 -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةst20150116 - ^ Ralph, Eric (21 December 2018). "SpaceX's Starlink eyed by US military as co. raises $500-750M for development". Teslarati. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةannouncementEvent - ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةsn20190426 -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةnsf20180517 - ^ "SpaceX's 60-Satellite Launch Is Just the Beginning for Starlink Megaconstellation Project". 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- ^ "Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to make satellite launch window: sources". Reuters. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
- ^ Baylor, Michael (6 March 2019). "Falcon Heavy and Starlink headline SpaceX's upcoming manifest". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةfcc20181108a - ^ Graham, William (22 February 2018). "SpaceX launches Falconتسعة with PAZ, Starlink demo and new fairing". NASASpaceFlight.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ Wall, Mike (2018-02-22). "SpaceX's Prototype Internet Satellites Are Up and Running". Space.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-05-12.
- ^ "Falcon-9". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 2019-05-18.
- ^ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (22 February 2018). "First two Starlink demo satellites, called Tintin A & B, deployed and communicating to Earth stations" (Tweet) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018 – via Twitter.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةspacex20190515 -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةfirst60 - ^ Roulette, Joey. (23 May 2019), First satellites for Musk's Starlink internet venture launched into orbit, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-exploration-spacex/spacex-launches-first-satellites-for-musks-starlink-internet-service-idUSKCN1SU07Y, retrieved on 24 May 2019
- ^ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (2019-05-11). "These are production design, unlike our earlier Tintin demo sats" (Tweet) (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-05-13 – via Twitter.
- ^ Selding, Peter B. de [@pbdes] (2019-05-07). "@SpaceX Shotwell: at least 2 Starlink missions beyond the mid-May launch. We are still seeing strong uptake of our launch services, and Starlink would be on top of that. The Starlinks going up May 15 have no intersat links, they are test satellites.@SATELLITEDC" (Tweet). Retrieved 2019-05-12 – via Twitter.
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^
Foust, Jeff (2018-03-12). "Musk reiterates plans for testing BFR". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2018-03-15.
Construction of the first prototype spaceship is in progress. 'We’re actually building that ship right now,' he said. 'I think we’ll probably be able to do short flights, short sort of up-and-down flights, probably sometime in the first half of next year.'
- ^ Foust, Jeff (2016-10-10). "Shotwell says SpaceX "homing in" on cause of Falconتسعة pad explosion". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ Grush, Loren (9 November 2018). "SpaceX wants to fly some internet satellites closer to Earth to cut down on space trash". The Verge (in English). Retrieved 9 November 2018.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ Elon Musk, Mike Suffradini (7 July 2015). (video). Event occurs at 46:45–50:40. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
وصلات خارجية
- FCC FORM 442 – FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION APPLICATION FOR NEW OR MODIFIED RADIO STATION UNDER PARTخمسة OF FCC RULES – EXPERIMENTAL RADIO SERVICE, SpaceX, 29 May 2015 application for communications spectrum allocation for technology development and testing flights beginning as early as 2015.
- Official Starlink Website
