الجدار الأطلسي

الجدار الأطلسي; Atlantic Wall
	جزء من الرايخ الثالث
	الساحل الغربي لأوروپا القارية واسكندناڤيا
	The Atlantic Wall shown in yellow
النوع	تحصينات دفاعية
معلومات المسقط
يتحكم فيه	ألمانيا النازية
الحالة	Partially demolished; mostly intact
تاريخ المسقط
بُني	1942–1944
بناه	Forced labourers
قيد الاستخدام	1942–45
المواد	Concrete; Wood; Steel;
المعارك/الحروب	الحرب العالمية الثانية
الأحداث	Operation Neptune; Operation Undergo; St Nazaire Raid; Dieppe Raid
معلومات الحامية
القادة; السابقون	إرڤن رومل (1943–44)
الشاغلون	ڤيرماخت

الجدار الأطلسي (بالألمانية: Atlantikwall؛ بالإنگليزية: Atlantic Wall) كان نظاماً ممتداً من الدفاعات والتحصينات الساحلية بنته ألمانيا النازية بين 1942 و1944 بطول ساحل أوروپا القارية واسكندناڤيا كدفاع ضد غزومتسقط من الحلفاء لأوروپا المحتلة من قبل النازي ينطلق من المملكة المتحدة أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. The manning and operation of the Atlantic Wall was administratively overseen by the German Army, with some support from Luftwaffe ground forces. The German Navy maintained a separate coastal defence network, organised into a number of sea defence zones.

أمر أدولف هتلر ببناء التحصينات في 1942. وقد سـُخـِّر فيها نحومليون عامل فرنسي لبنائه. The wall was frequently mentioned in الپروپاگندا النازية, where its size and strength were usually exaggerated. The fortifications included colossal coastal guns, batteries, mortars, and artillery, and thousands of German troops were stationed in its defences. When the Allies eventually invaded the Normandy beaches in 1944, most of the defences were stormed within hours. Today, ruins of the wall exist in all of the nations where it was built, although many structures have fallen into the ocean or have been demolished over the years.

History

Creation

Field Marshal Erwin Rommel visiting the Atlantic Wall defences near the Belgian port of Ostend, part of the fortifications which today comprise the Atlantic Wall Open Air Museum at Raversijde

Regelbau

Organisation Todt

A British soldier poses next to the recently captured German 380mm gun Todt Battery at Cap Gris Nez.

British attacks

Reorganisation

German soldiers placing landing craft obstructions, 1943

D-Day

One of the casemates of the Longues-sur-Mer battery in Normandy, destroyed by naval gunfire during the Allied landings

Channel Islands

Fortresses

Location	Commander	Garrison strength	Notes	Surrender
Alderney	Maximilian List	3,200	Fortifications of Alderney	16 May 1945
Boulogne	Ferdinand Heim	10,000	Operation Wellhit	22 September 1944
Brest	Hermann-Bernhard Ramcke	38,000	Battle for Brest	19 September 1944
Calais/Cap Gris-Nez	Ludwig Schroeder	7,500	Operation Undergo	30 September 1944
Cherbourg	Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben	47,000	Battle of Cherbourg	27 June 1944
Dunkirk	Friedrich Frisius	12,000	Allied siege of Dunkirk	8 May 1945
Guernsey	Rudolf Graf von Schmettow then Friedrich Hüffmeier	11,700	German fortification of Guernsey	9 May 1945
Jersey	Rudolf Graf von Schmettow then Friedrich Hüffmeier	11,600	German occupation of the Channel Islands Liberation of the German-occupied Channel Islands	9 May 1945
La Rochelle/La Pallice	Ernst Schirlitz	11,500	Allied siege of La Rochelle	9 May 1945
Le Havre	Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth	14,000	Operation Astonia	12 September 1944
Le Verdon-sur-Mer	Otto Prahl	3,500	—	20 April 1945
Lorient	Wilhelm Fahrmbacher	25,000	—	10 May 1945
Ostend	Erich Julius Mülbe, Oberst	60,000	—	7 September 1944
Royan	Hans Michahelles	5,000	—	17 April 1945
Scheldt	Gustav-Adolf von Zangen	90,000	Battle of the Scheldt	8 November 1944
Saint-Malo/Dinard	Andreas von Aulock	12,000	—	17 August 1944
St. Nazaire	Hans Junck	35,000	—	11 May 1945
Zeebrugge	Knut Eberding	14,000	—	1 November 1944

Preservation

Notes

^ The coast defence along the North Cape down to the Spanish border, included artillery pieces and naval guns from 105mm to 406mm and were organised into over 600 batteries. In addition, there were over 250 batteries of guns ranging from 75mm to 90mm, including anti-aircraft artillery.

== المراجع ==

^ Lohmann W. & Hildebrand H., Die Deutsche Kriegsmarine, Verlag Hans-Henning Podzun, Bad Nauheim (1956)
^ , 2012
^ Kaufmann & Robert 2003, p. 14.
^ Overlord 2009.
^ Saunders 2001, p. 210.
^ Williams 2013, p. 148.
^ Jersey 2015.
^ Saunders 2001, p. 180.
^ Pauls & Facaros 2007, p. 270.
^ McNab 2014, p. 179.
^ Delaforce 2005, p. 134.
^ Zuehlke 2009, p. 527.
^ Saunders 2001, p. 165.
^ Hastings 2004, p. 158.

Sources

Printed

Ambrose, Stephen (1994). D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle Of World War II. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
Darman, Peter (2012). The Allied Invasion Of Europe. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN .
Delaforce, Patrick (2005). Smashing The Atlantic Wall: The Destruction Of Hitler's Coastal Fortresses. Casemate Publishers. ISBN .
Hakim, Joy (1995). A History Of Us: War, Peace And All That Jazz. Oxford University. ISBN .
Hastings, Max (2004). Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45. Macmillan. ISBN .
Kaufmann, J. E.; Robert, Jurga (2003). Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications And Defense Systems In World War II. Da Capo Press. ISBN .
McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler’s Fortresses: German Fortifications And Defences 1939–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN .
Mountbatten, Chris (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story Of The Commandos. Read Books. ISBN .
Pauls, Michael; Facaros, Dana (2007). Cadogan Guide Dordogne, the Lot & Bordeaux. New Holland Publishers. ISBN .
Saunders, Anthony (2001). Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Fortress Europe. University of Michigan. ISBN .
Stephenson, Charles; Taylor, Chris (2013). The Channel Islands 1941–45: Hitler's Impregnable Fortress. Osprey Publishing. ISBN .
Williamson, Louis (2012). U-Boat Bases And Bunkers 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN .
Williams, Paul (2013). Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais. Casemate Publishers. ISBN .
Zuehlke, Mark (2009). Terrible Victory: First Canadian Army And The Scheldt Estuary Campaign: September 13 – November 6, 1944. D & M Publishers. ISBN .

Online

"Assault Plan". United States Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Schofield, Hugh (13 September 2011). "Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Should France Preserve It?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
"Jersey – My Island – History – German Occupation". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2015.

Media

(television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
(television documentary). France: France 2. 2009. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
(television documentary). United States: World Media Rights. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
The Atlantic Wall features in the novel Villa Normandie by Kevin Doherty.
The many constructions of the Wall still standing have been photographed by Jonathan Andrew and Stephan Vanfleteren.