الغات الغربية
| Western Ghats | |
|---|---|
| Sahyadri | |
|
Western Ghats as seen from Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu
| |
| أعلى نقطة | |
| القمة | Anamudi (Eravikulam National Park) |
| الارتفاع | 2,695 م (8,842 قدم) |
| البروز | P2660 |
| العزلة | P2659 |
| الأبعاد | |
| الطول | 1,600 kم (990 ميل) N–S |
| العرض | 100 kم (62 ميل) E–W |
| المساحة | 160,000 kم2 (62,000 ميل2) |
| الجغرافيا | |
| البلد | India |
| الولايات | List
|
| المناطق | Western India and Southern India |
| المستوطنات | List
|
| الحيوم | Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests |
| الجيولوجيا | |
| عمر الصخر | Cenozoic |
| نوع الصخر | Basalt, Laterite and Limestone |
مسقط تراث عالمي حسب اليونسكو
| |
| الاسم الرسمي | Natural Properties - Western Ghats (India) |
| النوع | Natural |
| المعيار | ix, x |
| التعيين | 2012 (36th session) |
| الرقم المرجعي | 1342 |
| الدولة العضو | الهند |
| المنطقة | شبه الجزيرة الهندية |
الغات الغربية Western Ghats (وتُعهد أيضاً بإسم ساهيادري وتعني الجبال الرحيمة) هي سلسلة جبال تجري موازية للساحل الغربي لشبه الجزيرة الهندية، وتقع بالكامل في الهند. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight "hottest hot-spots" of biological diversity in the world. It is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India. The range runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called Konkan, along the Arabian Sea. A total of thirty nine properties including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests were designated as world heritage sites - twenty in Kerala, ten in Karnataka, five in Tamil Nadu and four in Maharashtra.
The range starts near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra, south of the Tapti river, and runs approximately 1,600 kم (5,200,000 قدم) through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ending at Kanyakumari, at the southern tip of India. These hills cover 160,000 kم2 (1.7×1012 قدم2) and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India. The Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau. The average elevation is around 1,200 م (3,900 قدم).
The area is one of the world's ten "Hottest biodiversity hotspots" and has over 7,402 species of flowering plants, 1,814 species of non-flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibian species, 6,000 insects species and 290 freshwater fish species; it is likely that many undiscovered species live in the Western Ghats. At least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats.
الجيولوجيا
الطبوغرافيا
القمم
Following is a list of some of the highest peaks of the Western Ghats:
| الترتيب | الاسم | الارتفاع | المسقط |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anaimudi | 2,695 م (8,842 قدم) | Eravikulam National Park, Kerala |
| 2 | Mannamalai | 2,659 م (8,724 قدم) | Idukki, Kerala |
| 3 | Meesapulimala | 2,640 م (8,660 قدم) | Idukki, Kerala |
| 4 | Doddabetta | 2,637 م (8,652 قدم) | Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu |
| 5 | Kolaribetta | 2,629 م (8,625 قدم) | Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu |
| 6 | Mukurthi | 2,554 م (8,379 قدم) | Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu |
| 7 | Vandaravu | 2,553 م (8,376 قدم) | Palani Hills, Tamil Nadu |
| 8 | Kattumala | 2,552 م (8,373 قدم) | Eravikulam National Park, Kerala |
| 9 | Anginda peak | 2,383 م (7,818 قدم) | Silent Valley National Park, Kerala |
| 10 | Vavulmala | 2,339 م (7,674 قدم) | Vellarimala, Kerala |
| 11 | Kodaikanal | 2,133 م (6,998 قدم) | Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu |
| 12 | Chembra Peak | 2,100 م (6,900 قدم) | Wayanad, Kerala |
| 13 | Elivai Mala | 2,088 م (6,850 قدم) | Palakkad, Kerala |
| 14 | Banasura Peak | 2,073 م (6,801 قدم) | Wayanad, Kerala |
| 15 | Kottamala | 2,019 م (6,624 قدم) | Periyar National Park, Kerala |
| 16 | Mullayanagiri | 1,930 م (6,330 قدم) | Chikmagalur, Karnataka |
| 17 | Devarmala | 1,923 م (6,309 قدم) | Achenkovil, Kerala |
| 18 | Baba Budangiri | 1,895 م (6,217 قدم) | Chikmagalur, Karnataka |
| 19 | Kudremukh | 1,894 م (6,214 قدم) | Chikmagalur, Karnataka |
| 20 | Agasthyamala | 1,868 م (6,129 قدم) | Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala |
| 21 | Biligiriranga Hills | 1,800 م (5,900 قدم) | Chamarajanagar, Karnataka |
| 22 | Velliangiri Mountains | 1,778 م (5,833 قدم) | Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu |
| 23 | Tadiandamol | 1,748 م (5,735 قدم) | Kodagu, Karnataka |
| 24 | Kumara Parvata | 1,712 م (5,617 قدم) | Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka |
| 25 | Pushpagiri | 1,712 م (5,617 قدم) | Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka |
| 26 | Merthi Gudda | 1,676 م (5,499 قدم) | Hornadu, Karnataka |
| 27 | Kalsubai | 1,648 م (5,407 قدم) | Ahmednagar, Maharashtra |
| 28 | Brahmagiri | 1,608 م (5,276 قدم) | Kodagu, Karnataka |
| 29 | Kote Betta | 1,620 م (5,310 قدم) | Kodagu, Karnataka |
| 30 | Salher | 1,567 م (5,141 قدم) | Nashik, Maharashtra |
| 31 | Madikeri | 1,525 م (5,003 قدم) | Kodagu, Karnataka |
| 32 | Dhodap | 1,472 م (4,829 قدم) | Nashik, Maharashtra |
| 33 | Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta | 1,450 م (4,760 قدم) | Chamarajanagar, Karnataka |
| 34 | Taramati | 1,431 م (4,695 قدم) | Ahmednagar, Maharashtra |
| 35 | Torna Fort | 1,405 م (4,610 قدم) | Pune, Maharashtra |
| 36 | Purandar fort | 1,387 م (4,551 قدم) | Pune, Maharashtra |
| 37 | Raigad fort | 1,346 م (4,416 قدم) | Raigad, Maharashtra |
| 38 | Kodachadri | 1,343 م (4,406 قدم) | Shimoga, Karnataka |
| 39 | Paithalmala | 1,372 م (4,501 قدم) | Kannur, Kerala |
| 40 | Vagamon | 1,100 م (3,600 قدم) | Idukki, Kerala |
المسطحات المائية
المناخ
حماية التنوع الحيوي
الوحيش
- الثدييات
Western Ghats has the largest tiger population outside Sunderbans
Endangered Lion-tailed macaque is endemic to Western Ghats
Western Ghats region has the largest فيل هندي population in India
Only 100 individuals of Nilgiri tahr were left in 2001 but has recovered to 3,300 by 2010
The endemic Nilgiri langur is endangered
- الزواحف
- البرمائيات
The region has significant population of vulnerable Mugger crocodile
Purple frog (Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) was discovered in 2003
Malabar gliding frog is endemic to Western Ghats
Pipe snakes are found only in South India and Sri Lanka
Denison's barb is threatened from habitat loss and is now bred in captivity
- الأسماك
- الطيور
Nilgiri wood-pigeon
Great hornbill
Malabar barbet
Malabar (blue-winged) parakeet
Nilgiri pipit
White-bellied treepie
- الحشرات
The Malabar tree nymph is endemic to the Western Ghats
Tamil Lacewings are found only in South Asia
The Western Ghats has 67 species of damselflies
The endemic land snail Indrella ampulla
Phallus indusiatus found in the Western Ghats
- المحار
الهامش
- ^ "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities". Nature. Retrieved 16 Nov 2013.
- ^ "UN designates Western Ghats as world heritage site". Times of India. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ Migon, Piotr (12 May 2010). Geomorphological Landscapes of the World. Springer. p. 257. ISBN .
- ^ "Western Ghats". UNESCO. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ Lewis, Clara (3 July 2012). "39 sites in Western Ghats get world heritage status". Times of India. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
- ^ Vijayan, V.S. "Research needs for the Western Ghats" (PDF). Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE). Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ "The Peninsula". Asia-Pacific Mountain Network. Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ Nayar, T.S.; Rasiya Beegam, A; Sibi, M. (2014). Flowering Plants of the Western Ghats, India (2 Volumes). Thiruvananthapuram, India: Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute. p.1700.
- ^ Myers, N.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Mittermeier, C.G.; Fonseca, G.A.B.Da; Kent, J. (2000). "Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities". Nature. 403: 853–858. doi:10.1038/35002501. PMID 10706275.
- ^ Dahanukar, N.; Raut, R.; Bhat, A. (2004). "Distribution, endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the Western Ghats of India". Journal of Biogeography. 31 (1): 123–136. doi:10.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.01016.x.
- ^ "Eravikulam National Park, Munnar, Kerala, India, the home of Nilgiri Tahr". Eravikulam.org. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Vavul Mala". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Elivai Malai". Retrieved 12 May 2016.
- ^ "Vellayiangiri Mountain". Retrieved 12 May 2016.
المراجع
- Mahajan, Harshal. A rendezvous with Sahyadri
- Ingalhalikar, Shrikant. Flowers of Sahyadri. Corolla Publication; Pune
- Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC.
- Kapadia, Harish. Trek the Sahyadris
- Daniels, R.J. Ranjit, Wildlife institute of India, "Biodiversity in the Western Ghats"[]
- Ajith Kumar, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India, Ravi Chellam, B.C.Choudhury, Divya Mudappa, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, N.M.Ishwar, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India, Barry Noon, Department of Fish and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S.A. (2002) "Impact of Rainforest Fragmentation on Small Mammals and Herpetofauna in the Western Ghats, South India", Final Report, pp. 146, illus. Full text[] retrieved 14 March 2007
- Verma Desh Deepak (2002) "Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems", Ministry of Environment and Forests,13pp, retrieved 27 March 2007 Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems Full text, detailed data, not cited.
- Abstracts, Edited by Lalitha Vijayan, Saconr. Vasudeva, University of Dharwad, Priyadarsanan, ATREE, Renee Borges, CES, ISSC, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Atree & WCSP. Pramod, Sacon, Jagannatha Rao, R., FRLHTR. J. Ranjit Daniels, Care Earth, Compiled by S. Somasundaram, Sacon (1–2 December 2005) , 2nd National Conference of the Western Ghats Forum, Venue: State Forest Service College Coimbatore, Organized by Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore – 641108, India. Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Supported by The Arghyam Foundation, The Ford Foundation & Sir Dorabiji Trust Through Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)
- Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats. M,D. Subash Chandran; Chapter 22
وصلات خارجية
- Western Ghats, UNESCO World Heritage site
- Western Ghats, WWF
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for الغات الغربية. |
نطقب:Western Ghats
نطقب:Mountain passes of India
