حصار القسطنطينية (674-678)
الحصار العربي الأول للقسطنطينية أومعركة سيلايوم البحرية حدثت في العام 677 الميلادي بين العرب المسلمين والإمبراطورية البيزنطية، حدثت هذه المعركة البحرية بالتزامن مع سلسلة من المعارك البرية في سوريا والأناضول.
الخلفية
Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad empire c. 650
Opening moves: the campaigns of 672 and 673
Gold nomisma of Constantine IV
Depiction of the use of Greek fire, from the Madrid Skylitzes. It was used for the first time during the first Arab siege of Constantinople, in 677 or 678.
Cultural impact
Building that houses the tomb of Abu Ayyub at Eyüp Sultan Mosque complex
== المراجع ==
- ^ Haldon 1990, p. 64.
Sources
- Brooks, E.W. (1898). "The Arabs in Asia Minor (641–750), from Arabic Sources". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. XVIII: 182–208.
- Canard, Marius (1926). "Les expéditions des Arabes contre Constantinople dans l'histoire et dans la légende" [The Expeditions of the Arabs Against Constantinople in History and Legend]. Journal Asiatique (in French) (208): 61–121. ISSN 0021-762X.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004). . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies. ISBN .
- Foster, John (1939). The Church of the T'ang Dynasty. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. OCLC 3790642.
- Haldon, John F. (1990). . Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Howard-Johnston, James (2010). . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Jankowiak, Marek (2013). "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople". In Zuckerman, Constantin (ed.). Travaux et mémoires, Vol. 17: Constructing the Seventh Century. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance. pp. 237–320.
- Jenkins, Philip (2008). The Lost History of Christianity: the Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia – and How It Died. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN .
- Kaegi, Walter E. (2008). "Confronting Islam: Emperors versus Caliphs (641–c. 850)". In Shepard, Jonathan (ed.). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–394. ISBN .
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1976). [Byzantine Reaction to the Expansion of the Arabs. Studies on the Structural Change of the Byzantine State in the 7th and 8th Cent.] (in German). Munich: Institut für Byzantinistik und Neugriechische Philologie der Universität München. OCLC 797598069.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Mango, Cyril; Scott, Roger (1997). The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor. Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Olster, David (1995). "Theodosius Grammaticus and the Arab Siege of 674-78". Byzantinoslavica. 56 (1): 23–28. ISSN 0007-7712.
- Stratos, Andreas N. (1978). Byzantium in the Seventh Century, Volume IV: 668–685. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN .
- Stratos, Andreas N. (1983). "Siège ou blocus de Constantinople sous Constantin IV" [Siege or Blockade of Constantinople under Constantine IV]. Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik (in French). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 33: 89–107. ISSN 0378-8660.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- نطقب:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
- Turnbull, Stephen (2004). The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN .
- Yule, Henry (1915). . London: Hakluyt Society.
وصلات خارجية
- Radic, Radivoj (2008). "Two Arabian sieges of Constantinople (674–678; 717/718)". Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
نطقب:Umayyad Caliphate topics Coordinates:
