شي‌ننگ
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شي‌ننگ
西宁市
Xining
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مدينة بمستوى محافظة | |
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مع عقارب الساعة من أعلى: قصر ما بوفانگ، مسجد دووبا، Dongguan Mosque, Ta'er Temple.
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مسقط نطاق مدينة شي‌ننگ في چينگ‌هاي
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 شي‌ننگ | |
| الإحداثيات: Coordinates: | |
| البلد | الصين |
| المقاطعة | چينگ‌هاي |
| الحكم | |
| • Party Secretary | Wang Xiao |
| المساحة | |
| • مدينة بمستوى محافظة | 7٬372 كم² (2٬846 ميل²) |
| • الحضر | 343 كم² (132 ميل²) |
| • العمران | 343 كم² (132 ميل²) |
| الارتفاع | 2٬275 m (7٬464 ft) |
| التعداد(2010 Census) | |
| • مدينة بمستوى محافظة | 2٬208٬708 |
| • الكثافة | 300/km2 (780/sq mi) |
| • الحضر | 1٬198٬304 |
| • الكثافة الحضرية | 3٬500/km2 (9٬000/sq mi) |
| • العمرانية | 1٬198٬304 |
| • الكثافة العمرانية | 3٬500/km2 (9٬000/sq mi) |
| منطقة التوقيت | China Standard (التوقيت العالمي المنسق+8) |
| Postal code | 810000 |
| مفتاح الهاتف | 971 |
| License plate prefixes | 青A |
| المسقط الإلكتروني | www.xining.gov.cn (صينية) |
| شي‌ننگ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| "Xīníng" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| اسم صيني | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| صينية مبسطة | 西宁 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| صينية تقليدية | 西寧 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| المعني الحرفي | "Western tranquility" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| اسم منغولي | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| المنغولية | Сэлэнг | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| اسم تبتي | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| التبتية | ཟི་ལིང | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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شي‌ننگ (الصينية المبسطة: 西宁 Xīníng [ɕí.nǐŋ]; نطقب:Lang-bo Ziling; بالمنغولية: ᠰᠢᠨᠢᠩ Seleng) هي عاصمة مقاطعة چينگ‌هاي في غرب الصين، وأكبر مدينة على هضبة التبت. وبلغ عدد سكانها 2,208,708 نسمة في تعداد 2010 منهم 1,198,304 يعيشون في منطقة عمرانية تتكون من أربعة أقسام حضرية.
كانت المدينة مركزاً تجارياً على رواق خى‌شي ضمن طريق الحرير الشمالي لأكثر من 2000 سنة، and was a stronghold of the Han, Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties' resistance against nomadic attacks from the west. Although long a part of Gansu province, Xining was added to Qinghai in 1928. Xining holds sites of religious significance to Muslims and Buddhists, including the Dongguan Mosque and Ta'er Monastery. The city lies in the Huangshui River valley, and owing to its high altitude, has a cold semi-arid climate. It is connected by rail إلى لهاسا، التبت وconnected by high-speed rail to Lanzhou, Gansu and Urumqi, شين‌جيانگ.
التاريخ
Xining has a history of over 2,100 years and was a chief commercial hub on the Hexi Corridor caravan route to Tibet, handling especially timber, wool and salt in ancient times. The trade along the Hexi Corridor was part of a larger trade corridor along the Northern Silk Road, whose use was intensified in the 1st century BC after efforts by the Han dynasty to control this route.
ما بوكانگ وما بوفانگ were having a discussion on ما بياوwhen Japanese warplanes bombed Xining.
شي‌ننگ was given municipal status in 1945.
وفي عهد حاكمها ما بوفانگ، شي‌ننگ، مثل باقي چينگ‌هاي، underwent industrialization and modernization. In 1947 the USA sold Ma Bufang a piped water (sewage) system which was installed in Xining. Ma Bufang also promoted education. He made businessmen methodically clean up Xining by serving as insect exterminators, killing flies and neatly throwing them away.
الجغرافيا والمناخ
| شي‌ننگ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| جدول طقس (التفسير) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Xining is located in the eastern part of Qinghai Province and lies on the Huangshui River. It has a total area of 350 kم2 (3.8×109 قدم2)."total" means administrative[محل شك]
| بيانات مناخ شي‌ننگ (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 13.9 (57) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
36.5 (97.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
29.9 (85.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
36٫5 (97٫7) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 1.4 (34.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.6 (72.7) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.9 (75) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.9 (57) |
7.8 (46) |
2.8 (37) |
13٫8 (56٫8) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -7.4 (18.7) |
-3.9 (25) |
1.9 (35.4) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.3 (59.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
16.6 (61.9) |
12.3 (54.1) |
6.6 (43.9) |
-0.3 (31.5) |
-5.7 (21.7) |
6٫1 (43) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | −13.6 (7.5) |
−10.0 (14) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.5 (52.7) |
11.1 (52) |
7.5 (45.5) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−11.6 (11.1) |
0٫4 (32٫7) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −24.9 (-12.8) |
−20.7 (-5.3) |
-16.9 (1.6) |
-12.5 (9.5) |
-2.3 (27.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
3.7 (38.7) |
-1.1 (30) |
-12.5 (9.5) |
-19.0 (-2.2) |
−26.6 (-15.9) |
-26٫6 |
| هطول mm (inches) | 1.2 (0.047) |
2.2 (0.087) |
7.0 (0.276) |
19.0 (0.748) |
43.0 (1.693) |
59.2 (2.331) |
88.2 (3.472) |
74.0 (2.913) |
54.4 (2.142) |
20.5 (0.807) |
3.9 (0.154) |
1.2 (0.047) |
373٫8 (14٫717) |
| % Humidity | 45 | 44 | 47 | 48 | 53 | 60 | 65 | 66 | 68 | 63 | 54 | 49 | 55٫2 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.7 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 14.6 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 96٫9 |
| Sunshine hours | 209.8 | 204.9 | 222.5 | 241.0 | 253.9 | 236.5 | 243.8 | 244.4 | 196.9 | 208.1 | 212.7 | 201.2 | 2٬675٫7 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | |||||||||||||
ادارة الأنهار
In 2007, the World Bank lent US$1 billion to aid river treatment in Xining, including Sanxian County's anti-flooding project, with an added US$1 billion to support infrastructure. Qinghai has invested large amounts in the treatment of Huangshui Main River and Nanchuan River, totalling 24.5 kم (80,000 قدم). However, a treatment on a 40 kم (130,000 قدم) river course andعشرة flash flood relief channels remain pending due to lack of equipment. In Sanxian County, a 108.4 م (356 قدم) long river course and 80 flash flood relief channels need treatment.
نوعية الهواء
According to a 2011 World Health Organization (based on Chinese statistics), Xining has the second worst air quality (annual mean PM10 ug/m3 of 141) among eleven western China cities, and is worse than Beijing (121).
الاقتصاد
The GDP per capita was 49,200 RMB (US$7,897) in 2015. Its main industries are wool spinning and textiles, fur, meat, milk, salt, and light processing industries.
السكان
الديمغرافيا
التنوع العرقي
There are about 37 nationalities living here, though only the Han, Hui, Monguor (Tu people in Chinese: 土族) and Tibetan are numerically significant. Local traditions and customs are influenced by the Tibetans, Monguor, Muslims and Han. On 2010 Census numbers, Han Chinese represent 74.04 percent of the total population of Xining, while Hui (16.26 percent), Tibetan (5.51 percent) and Tu (2.6 percent) are the main minority groups in the city.
الدين
Located in the southwest part of Xining City, the Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Monastery is one of six famous monasteries in the Gelug (also called Yellow Hat Sect) of Tibetan Buddhism and has hundreds of monks.
Having a history of over 600 years, the Dongguan Mosque, located in the Xining City Zone, is one of the most famous mosques in the northwest region of China. It has splendid and diversiform towers, walls and halls in the mosque.
Another unique religious structure is the Beishan Si (North Mountain Temple), a Taoist facility.
There are more than 300 Christian meeting points في شي‌ننگ.
The Catholic minority is pastorally served by the (pre-diocesan) Apostolic Prefecture of Xining.
التقسيمات الادارية
The municipality oversees seven districts and counties. The data here are presented in km² and in population according to 2010 Census:
| الخريطة | |||||||
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| الاسم | الصينية المبسطة | هان‌يوپن‌ين | المساحة (كم²) | التعداد (2010) |
الكثافة (/km2) |
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| المدينة نفسها | |||||||
| Chengzhong District | 城中区 | Chéngzhōng Qū | 11 | 296,987 | 26,999 | ||
| الضواحي | |||||||
| Chengdong District | 城东区 | Chéngdōng Qū | 115 | 359,688 | 3,128 | ||
| Chengxi District | 城西区 | Chéngxī Qū | 79 | 242,627 | 3,071 | ||
| Chengbei District | 城北区 | Chéngběi Qū | 138 | 299,002 | 2,167 | ||
| الريف | |||||||
| Huangyuan County | 湟源县 | Huángyuán Xiàn | 1,609 | 136,632 | 85 | ||
| Huangzhong County | 湟中县 | Huángzhōng Xiàn | 2,430 | 437,835 | 180 | ||
| Autonomous County | 大通回族土族自治县 | Dàtōng Huízú Tǔzú Zìzhìxiàn | 3,090 | 435,937 | 139 | ||
التعليم
الكليات والجامعات
- Qinghai University
- Qinghai Normal University
- Qinghai University for Nationalities
المدارس الخاصة
Xining International Academy is an English-language international school.
السياحة
نطقب:Emptysection
المواصلات
Xining is situated in a fertile mountain basin in the valley of the Huangshui (river), a tributary of the Yellow River, that acts as a river port. The city lies about 200 kم (660,000 قدم) west of Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu province, on what was traditionally the main trade route from northern China into Tibet and the Qaidam Basin. These routes are now followed by modern highways.
السكك الحديدية
الطعام
كعاصمة مقاطعة چينگ‌هاي، فإن شي‌ننگ almost boasts all varieties of local flavors. Xining's cuisine is distinct from other varieties of Chinese cities using mainly food products native to the area. Food here is substantial, but quite inexpensive.
في شي‌ننگ، some restaurants serve varieties of 'plateau flavor', such as Feng'er Liji (a round lamb tenderloin), Danbai Chongcao Ji (a medicine cuisine made of chicken, Chinese caterpillar fungus and eggs), Jinyu Facai (pork wrapped in flagelliform nostoc and shaped as a goldfish) among others. These dishes are often cooked by the locals at home.
There are also many small restaurants offering noodles. Gan Ban is a very common noodle dish. Perhaps Mian Pian, which means "noodle leaves" is the most common noodle plate among the Qinghai people. On the streets, many Muslims sell spicy lamb brochettes. Due to the cold climate, residents of Xining are also fond of strong spirits—Xining has the reputation of being one of the heaviest regions of alcohol consumption in China.
الهامش
- ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ . 西宁市统计局 (in Chinese). 西宁市统计局. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2015.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ [1] Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Silk Road, North China [Northern Silk Road, North Silk Road] Ancient Trackway : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map:". Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
- ^ http://3g.nuoha.net/www/book/157471/00037.html
- ^ "CITY IN WEST CHINA TO GET PIPED WATER; American 'Sells' Warlord at Sining on System to Aid Health --People Suspect Clear Fluid". THE NEW YORK TIMES. ثلاثة February 1947. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ HENRY R. LIEBERMAN (15 September 1948). "ENLIGHTENED RULE BOLSTERS TSINGHAI; General Ma, War Lord, Enjoys Passion for Education -- He Taxes as Need Arises". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ China Meteorological Administration Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ WHO report OAP_database_8_2011.xls
- ^ "Discovering China: CityScape". Library.thinkquest.org. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
وصلات خارجية
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Xining. |
- Xining Government Website
نطقب:Qinghai
