ڤلاديڤوستوك

Vladivostok
Vladivostok ; Владивосток
	City
	Clockwise from top: view of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay, Russky Bridge, Zolotoy Bridge, Far Eastern Federal University, Square of the Fighters for Soviet Power in the Far East, GUM Department Store , Vladivostok terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, Arseniev State Museum, Primorye Oceanarium
; Flag	; Coat of arms
	Vladivostok Vladivostok Location of Vladivostok
	الإحداثيات: Coordinates:
البلد	روسيا
كيان فدرالي	Primorsky Krai
Founded	2 July 1860
وضع City منذ	22 April 1880
الحكم
• الهيئة	City Duma
• Head	Vitaly Verkeenko
المساحة
• الإجمالية	331٫16 كم² (127٫86 ميل²)
• الترتيب	22nd in 2010
الوضع الاداري
• Subordinated to	Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction
• Capital of	Primorsky Krai, Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction
الوضع البلدي
• Urban okrug	Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug
• العاصمة of	Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug
Postal code(s)	690xxx
Dialing code(s)	+7 423
City Day	First Sunday of July
المسقط الإلكتروني	vlc.ru

ڤلاديڤوستوك (روسية: Владивосто́к; النطق الروسي: [vlədʲɪvɐˈstok] ( استمع)، وتعني حرفياً 'حاكم الشرق'، بالإنگليزية: Vladivostok) هي أبرز مرفأ في روسيا الاتحادية على المحيط الهادي. تقع فلاديفوستوك في الجنوب الشرقي من سيبريا قرب الحدود الكورية. يبلغ عدد سكانها 643,000 نسمة.

تبلغ مساحة ميناء فلاديفوستوك نحوخمسة كم². ويتجمد المرفأ عادة بين شهري يناير ومارس، فتُستخدم كاسحات الجليد للحفاظ عليه مفتوحًا. ويعتبر ميناء فلاديفوستوك قاعدة لأساطيل الصيد. وتوجد بالمدينة مرافئ لبناء وترميم السفن. وفي مدينة فلاديفوستوك الكثير من مصانع التعليب. كما أنها تنتج معدات التعدين. وتقع فلاديفوستوك قرب نهاية خط السكة الحديدية الذي يعبر سيبريا. وكان الروس قد أسسوها عام 1860، وأصبحت قاعدة للبحرية بعد حتى فقدت روسيا لوشون (كانت تسمى أيضًا بورت آرثر) حين ضمتها اليابان عام 1905. واليوم يستخدم جزء كبير من الأسطول التجاري الروسي ميناء فلاديفوستوك.

المدينة هي مقر أسطول الهادي الروسي وهوأكبر ميناء روسي على ساحل المحيط الهادي.

الأسماء وأصولها

Vladivostok was first named in 1859 along with other features in the Peter the Great Gulf area by Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky. The name first applied to the bay but, following an expedition by Alexey Shefner in 1860, was applied to the new settlement.

In Chinese, the place where the city is situated nowadays has been known since the Qing dynasty as Haishenwai (海參崴, Hǎishēnwǎi), from the Manchu Haišenwai (المانچو: ᡥᠠᡳᡧᡝᠨᠸᡝᡳ; Möllendorff: Haišenwai; Abkai: Haixenwai) or "small seaside village".

In modern-day China, Vladivostok is officially known by the transliteration 符拉迪沃斯托克 (Fúlādíwòsītuōkè), although the historical Chinese name 海參崴 (Hǎishēnwǎi) is still often used in common parlance and outside mainland China to refer to the city. According to the provisions of the Chinese government, all maps published in China have to bracket the city's Chinese name.

The modern-day Japanese name of the city is transliterated as Urajiosutoku (ウラジオストク). Historically, the city was written in Kanji as 浦塩斯徳 and shortened to Urajio ウラジオ; 浦塩.

التاريخ

The aboriginals of the territory on which modern Vladivostok is located are the Udege minority, and a sub-minority called the Taz which emerged through members of the indigenous Udege mixing with the nearby Chinese and Hezhe. The region had been part of many states, such as the Mohe, Balhae Kingdom, Liao Dynasty, Jīn Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and various other Chinese dynasties, before Russia acquired the entire Maritime Province and the island of Sakhalin by the Treaty of Beijing (1860). Qing China, which had just lost the Opium War with Britain, was unable to defend the region. The Manchu emperors of China, the Qing Dynasty, banned Han Chinese from most of Manchuria including the Vladivostok area (see Willow Palisade)—it was only visited by illegal gatherers of ginseng and sea cucumbers.

On 20 June 1860 (2 July for Gregorian style), the military supply ship Manchur, under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Alexey K. Shefner, called at the Golden Horn Bay to found an outpost called Vladivostok. Warrant officer Nikolay Komarov with 28 soldiers and two non-commissioned officers under his command were brought from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur by ship to construct the first buildings of the future city.

The Manza War in 1868 was the first attempt by Russia to expel Chinese from territory it controlled. Hostilities broke out around Vladivostok when the Russians tried to shut off gold mining operations and expel Chinese workers there. The Chinese resisted a Russian attempt to take Ashold Island and in response, two Russian military stations and three Russian towns were attacked by the Chinese whom the Russians failed to oust.

Vladivostok circa 1898

An elaborate system of fortifications was erected between the early 1870s and the late 1890s. A telegraph line from Vladivostok to Shanghai and Nagasaki was opened in 1871. That same year a commercial port was relocated to Vladivostok from Nikolayevsk-on-Amur. Town status was granted on 22 April 1880. A coat of arms, representing the Siberian tiger, was adopted in March 1883.

The first high school was opened in 1899. The city's economy was given a boost in 1916, with the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, which connected Vladivostok to Moscow and Europe.

After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks took control of Vladivostok and all the Trans-Siberian Railway. During the Russian Civil War, from May 1918, they were overthrown by the White-allied Czechoslovak Legion, who declared the city to be an Allied protectorate. Vladivostok became the staging point for the Allies' Siberian intervention, a multi-national force including Japan, the United States, and China; China sent forces to protect the local Chinese community after demands on their merchants. The intervention ended in the wake of the collapse of the White Army and regime in 1919; all Allied forces except the Japanese withdrew by the end of 1920.

American troops marching in Vladivostok following Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (August 1918)

In April 1920, the city came under the formal governance of the Far Eastern Republic, a Soviet-backed buffer state between the Soviets and Japan. Vladivostok then became the capital of the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamurye Government, created after a White Army coup in the city in May 1921. The withdrawal of Japanese forces in October 1922 spelt the end of the enclave, with Ieronim Uborevich's Red Army taking the city on 25 October 1922.

As the main naval base of the Soviet Pacific Fleet, Vladivostok was officially closed to foreigners during the Soviet years. The city hosted the summit at which Leonid Brezhnev and Gerald Ford conducted the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks in 1974. At the time, the two countries decided quantitative limits on nuclear weapons systems and banned the construction of new land-based ICBM launchers.

City centre in September 1982

In 2012, Vladivostok hosted the 24th APEC summit. Leaders from the APEC member countries met at Russky Island, off the coast of Vladivostok. With the summit on Russky Island, the government and private businesses inaugurated resorts, dinner and entertainment facilities, in addition to the renovation and upgrading of Vladivostok International Airport. Two giant cable-stayed bridges were built in preparation for the summit, namely the Zolotoy Rog bridge over the Zolotoy Rog Bay in the center of the city, and the Russky Island Bridge from the mainland to Russky Island (the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world). The new campus of Far Eastern Federal University was completed on Russky Island in 2012. Locals call Vladivostock also Vladik.

الجغرافيا

Vladivostok (1955)

The city is located in the southern extremity of Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula, which is about 30 kiloمترs (98,000 ft) long and 12 kiloمترs (39,000 ft) wide.

The highest point is Mount Kholodilnik, 257 مترs (843 ft). Eagle's Nest Hill is often called the highest point of the city; but, with a height of only 199 مترs (653 ft), or 214 مترs (702 ft) according to other sources, it is the highest point of the downtown area, but not of the whole city.

June 2014 view of Vladivostok and the Golden Horn Bay

Located in the extreme South East of Asian Russia, Vladivostok is geographically closer to Anchorage, Alaska and even Darwin, Australia than it is to the nation's capital of Moscow. In fact, Vladivostok is closer to Honolulu, Hawaii than to the Russian city of Sochi.

الطقس

Average precipitation and temperature

المتوسط السنوي لدرجة الحرارة: 4٫3 °C (39٫7 °F)

Average temperature in January: −13٫7 °C (7٫3 °F)

Average temperature in August: 20٫2 °C (68٫4 °F)

Average annual precipitation: 722 mm (strong summer maximum)

تصنيف كوپن للمناخ: Dwb (monsoon-influenced humid continental climate, warm summers)

متوسطات الطقس لڤلاديڤوستوك
شهر	يناير	فبراير	مارس	أبريل	مايو	يونيو	يوليو	أغسطس	سبتمبر	اكتوبر	نوفمبر	ديسمبر	السنة
العظمى القياسية °C (°F)	5.0 (41)	9.9 (50)	15.2 (59)	22.7 (73)	29.5 (85)	31.8 (89)	33.6 (92)	33.0 (91)	30.0 (86)	23.4 (74)	17.5 (64)	19.3 (67)	33٫6 (92)
متوسط العظمى °م (°ف)	-9.3 (15)	-5.9 (21)	1.2 (34)	8.8 (48)	14.2 (58)	17.0 (63)	21.1 (70)	23.3 (74)	19.6 (67)	12.9 (55)	2.9 (37)	-5.9 (21)	8٫4 (47)
متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف)	-17.1 (1)	-14.0 (7)	-6.1 (21)	1.2 (34)	6.2 (43)	10.6 (51)	15.6 (60)	17.8 (64)	13.0 (55)	5.7 (42)	-4.1 (25)	-13.0 (9)	1٫4 (35)
الصغرى القياسية °م (°F)	-31.4 (-25)	-28.9 (-20)	-22.0 (-8)	-8.1 (17)	-0.8 (31)	3.7 (39)	8.8 (48)	10.1 (50)	2.2 (36)	-9.7 (15)	-23.0 (-9)	-28.1 (-19)	-31٫4 (-25)
هطول الأمطار mm (بوصة)	15 (0.6)	19 (0.7)	25 (1)	54 (2.1)	61 (2.4)	100 (3.9)	124 (4.9)	153 (6)	126 (5)	66 (2.6)	38 (1.5)	18 (0.7)	799 (31٫5)
المصدر: Pogoda.ru.net 8.09.2007

الديمغرافيا

ملصق من سنة 1919 يصور الاحتلال الياباني لفلاديفوستوك. لاحظ الفهم الروسي في نمط فرنسي

Fokin Street in the central part of Vladivostok in March 2004

ميناء فلاديفوستوك

The population of the city, according to the 2010 Census, is 592,034, down from 594,701 recorded in the 2002 Census. This is further down from 633,838 recorded in the 1989 Census. Following the 2009 recession the population of the city has continuously increased to 606,653 اعتبارا من 2016^[تحديث] Ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population.

الاقتصاد

The city's main industries are shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base. Fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production. Other food production totals 11%.

A very important employer and a major source of revenue for the city's inhabitants is the import of Japanese cars. Besides salesmen, the industry employs repairmen, fitters, import clerks as well as shipping and railway companies. The Vladivostok dealers sell 250,000 cars a year, with 200,000 going to other parts of Russia. Every third worker in the Primorsky Krai has some relation to the automobile import business. In recent years, the Russian government has made attempts to improve the country's own car industry. This has included raising tariffs for imported cars, which has put the car import business in Vladivostok in difficulties. To compensate, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok. The move was completed in 2009, and the factory now employs about 700 locals. It is planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010.

Zolotoy Bridge across bay in the city

المدن الشقيقة

ڤلاديڤوستوك مدينة شقيقة لكل من:

Niigata, اليابان
أكيتا, اليابان
هاكوداته، اليابان
بوسان، كوريا الجنوبية
داليان, الصين
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, الصين
Yantai, الصين
هاي فونگ, ڤيتنام
San Diego, الولايات المتحدة
سان فرانسيسكو, الولايات المتحدة
Tacoma, الولايات المتحدة
Juneau, الولايات المتحدة
هونولولو, الولايات المتحدة
مدينة مكاتي, الفلبين
ونسان، كوريا الشمالية
Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia
Davao City, Philippines
Harbin, Heilongjiang, China

طالع أيضاً

32nd Rifle Division
الشرق الأقصى الروسي

المصادر

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^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.). (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN . Retrieved 18 March 2012. in the Gulf of Peter the Great. They organized themselves and raided three Russian villages and two military posts. For the first time, this attempt to drive the Chinese out was unsuccessful.
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^ Joana Breidenbach (2005). Pál Nyíri, Joana Breidenbach (ed.). (illustrated ed.). Central European University Press. p. 90. ISBN . Retrieved 18 March 2012. Then there occurred another story which has become traumatic, this one for the Russian nationalist psyche. At the end of the year 1918, after the Russian Revolution, the Chinese merchants in the Russian Far East demanded the Chinese government to send troops for their protection, and Chinese troops were sent to Vladivostok to protect the Chinese community: about 1600 soldiers and 700 support personnel.
^ Levy, Clifford J. "Crisis or Not, Russia Will Build a Bridge in the East," New York Times. 20 April 2009.
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