التدخل الكوبي في أنگولا
في نوفمبر 1975، عشية استقلال أنگولا، شنت كوبا تدخلاً عسكرياً وساع النطاق دعماً للحركة الشعبية لتحرير أنگولا اليسارية (MPLA) ضد تدخلات جنوب أفريقيا وزائير المدعومتين من الولايات المتحدة المؤيدتين لحركتي تحرير أخرتين تتنافسان على السلطة في البلد، National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). By the end of 1975 the Cuban military in Angola numbered more than 25,000 troops. Following the retreat of Zaire and South Africa, Cuban forces remained in Angola to support the MPLA government against UNITA in the continuing Angolan Civil War.
In 1988, Cuban troops intervened again to avert military disaster in a Soviet-led People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) offensive against UNITA, which was supported by South Africa, leading to the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and the opening of a second front. This turn of events is considered to have been the major impetus to the success of the ongoing peace talks leading to the New York Accords, the agreement by which Cuban and South African forces withdrew from Angola while South West Africa gained its independence from South Africa. Cuban military engagement in Angola ended in 1991, while the Angolan civil war continued until 2002 (and fighting is still ongoing in the exclave of Cabinda).[]
خلفية
فشل اتفاقية ألڤور والحرب الأهلية
جنوب أفريقيا تتدخل
المهمة العسكرية الكوبية
التدخل الكوبي الأول
العملية كارلوتا
الجبهة الشمالية وكابندا
The invasion of Cabinda was conducted by three FLEC and one Zairian infantry battalions under the command of 150 French and American mercenaries. The MPLA's had the 232 Cubans of the CIR, a freshly trained and an untrained FAPLA infantry battalion at its disposal. In the ensuing battle for Cabinda from 8–13 November they managed to repel the invasion without support from Operation Carlota, thus saving the exclave for the MPLA.
الجبهة الجنوبية
SADF advance is stopped
التجميع
Proxy war, UN resolutions and negotiations (late 1970s and 1980s)
التدخل الثاني لكوبا
تصعيد النزاع
As a result of the South African Operation Askari in December 1983, which targeted People's Liberation Army of Namibia bases inside Angola, the USSR not only increased its aid to the MPLA but also took over the tactical and strategic leadership of FAPLA, deploying advisors right down to the battalion level, and began planning a large-scale offensive against the UNITA-stronghold in southeastern Angola.
كويتوكواناڤالي
كوبا وthe Three Powers Accord
الأعقاب
انظر أيضاً
- South African Border War
- الحرب الأهلية الأنگولية
- Mallin, Jay (1987). Cuba in Angola. Coral Gables, Fla.: Research Institute for Cuban Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, University of Miami. OCLC 17560083.
الهامش
- ^ George, p. 1
- ^ Smith, pp. 66, 71-72
- ^ Cuba's African Adventure by Clive Foss, History Today, Vol 60, Issue 3, March 2010
- ^ George, p. 3
- ^ Film Une Odyssée Africaine (France, 2006, 59 min) directed by: Jihan El Tahri
- ^ Gleijeses
- ^ Cuito Cuanavale – "Afrikas Stalingrad", Ein Sieg über Pretorias Apartheid" in: Neues Deutschland, 19/20 April. 2008
- ^ Campbell, Horace: The Military Defeat of the South Africans in Angola in: Monthly Review, April 1989
- ^ George, pp. 82-86
- ^ Peter Vanneman (1990). . Hoover Press. p. 29. ISBN .
ببليوگرافيا
- George, Edward , Frank Cass, London, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-415-35015-8
- Gleijeses, Piero: Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976, The University of North Carolina Press, 2003 ISBN 0-8078-5464-6
- Smith, Wayne: A Trap in Angola in: Foreign Policy No. 62, Spring 1986, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
للاستزادة
- Stockwell, John: In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story, New York, USA: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978, ISBN 0-393-05705-4
- Minter, William: Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique, Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwatersrand University Press, 1994
- Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay: The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1980
- Guimaraes, Fernando Andresen: The Origins of the Angolan Civil War, London, England: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998, ISBN 0-312-17512-4
- Brittain, Victoria: Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War, London, England: Pluto Press, 1998, ISBN 0-7453-1252-7
- Wolfers, Michael: Angola in the Front Line, London: Zed Books, 1983, ISBN 978-0862321062
- Marcum, John A.: The Angolan Revolution, Vol. II, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962–1976), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and London, England: The MIT-Press, ISBN 0-262-13136-6
- James, W. Martin: A Political History of the Civil War in Angola 1974-1990, New Brunswick, USA, and London, England: Transaction Publishers, 1992
- Spikes, Daniel, Angola and the Politics of Intervention: From Local Bush War to Chronic Crisis in Southern Africa, Jefferson, North Carolina, and London: McFarland & Company, 1993, ISBN 0-89950-888-X
- Ignatiev, Oleg: Secret Weapon in Africa, Moscow, Russia: Progress Publishers, 1977
- Kitchen, Helen: Angola, Mozambique, and the West, Praeger, 1987
- ICAIC (Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos)
- Gleijeses, Piero: Kuba in Afrika 1975–1991. In: Bernd Greiner /Christian Th. Müller / Dierk Walter (Hrsg.): Heiße Kriege im Kalten Krieg. Hamburg, 2006, ISBN
- Gleijeses, Piero, "Moscow's Proxy? Cuba and Africa 1975–1988", Journal of Cold War Studies 8.4 (2006) 98-146 Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Departement Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg über den Krieg in Angola (Hamburg University)
- Deutsches Auswärtiges Amt zur Geschichte Angolas (German foreign ministry)
- Welt Online: Wie Castro die Revolution exportierte
- The National Security Archive: Secret Cuban Documents on Africa Involvement
- Saney, Isaac, "African Stalingrad: The Cuban Revolution, Internationalism and the End of Apartheid", Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 33, No.خمسة (September 2006): pp. 81–117.
- Mandela, Nelson, & Fidel Castro, New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-87348-729-0
- Pazzanita, Anthony G., "The Conflict Resolution Process in Angola." The Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 29 No 1 (March 1991): pp. 83–114.
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume Two: Repression and Resistance
- Crocker, Chester A., High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
- Peter Stiff, The Silent War: South African Recce Operations 1969–1994. Alberton, South Africa: Galago, 1999.
- Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. ISBN 0-684-85571-2
- Marrack Goulding, Peacemonger. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003
- Willem Steenkamp, South Africa's Border War, 1966–1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing, 1989
- Roger Ricardo Luis, Prepárense a vivir: Crónicas de Cuito Cuanavale. Havana: Editora Politica, 1989
- Wright, George, The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Toward Angola Since 1945, London: Pluto Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0-7453-1030-5
- Castro, Fidel, Jorge Risquet, and Gabriel García Márquez, Changing the History of Africa: Angola and Namibia, Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1989
- Polack, Peter, Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War. Casemate, 2013. ISBN 978-1612001951.
وصلات خارجية
- CIA & Angolan Revolution 1975 Part 1 at YouTube
- CIA & Angolan Revolution 1975 Part 2 at YouTube
- John Stockwell on the CIA, Angola and Jonas Savimbi at YouTube
- South Africa: Cuba and the South African Anti-Apartheid Struggle by Nicole Sarmiento
- Village of the Living Dead: With the Cubans in Angola
