رومنة الصينية

"National language" (國語; Guóyǔ) written in Traditional and Simplified Chinese characters, followed by Hanyu Pinyin, Gwoyeu Romatzyh, Wade-Giles, and Yale romanizations.

رومنة الصينية
المندرينية للمندرينية الفصحى هانيوپن‌ين (ISO standard) EFEO Gwoyeu Romatzyh Spelling conventions Latinxua Sin Wenz Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II رومنة خريطة البريد الصينية تونگ‌يونگ پن‌ين ويد-گايلز يل Legge romanization ويد مبسطة جدول مقارنة
الكانتونية للكانتونية الفصحى Guangdong Romanization حكومة هونگ كونگ Jyutping Meyer-Wempe سيدني لاو S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols) S. L. Wong (romanisation) Standard Cantonese Pinyin الرومنة القياسية يل بارنت-تشاو
وو Long-short (romanization) latin phonetic method of Shanghainese
مين نان للتايوانية, آموي, and related h-oē-jī للهاينانية Hainanhua Pinyin Fang'an للتيوتشيو Peng'im
مين دونگ للهجة فوژو Foochow Romanized
هاكـّا for Moiyan dialect Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an For Siyen dialect
انظر أيضاً: General Chinese (Chao Yuenren) Cyrillization التعريب بوپوموفو الرومنة في سنغافورة الرومنة في تايوان
هذا الصندوق:

رَوْمنة الصينية هي استخدام الأبجدية اللاتينية لكتابة الصينية. Chinese uses a logographic script, and its characters do not represent phonemes directly. There have been many systems using Roman characters to represent Chinese throughout history. Linguist Daniel Kane recalls, "It used to be said that sinologists had to be like musicians, who might compose in one key and readily transcribe into other keys." However, Hanyu Pinyin has become the international standard since 1982. Other well-known systems include Wade-Giles and رومنة يل.

There are many uses for Chinese Romanization. Most broadly, it used to provide a useful way for foreigners who are not skilled at recognizing Chinese script a means to read and recognize Chinese names. Apart from this general role, it serves as a useful tool for foreign learners of Chinese by indicating the pronunciation of unfamiliar characters. It can also be helpful for clarifying pronunciation—Chinese pronunciation is an issue for some speakers of other mutually unintelligible Chinese varieties who do not speak Mandarin fluently. Standard keyboards such as QWERTY are designed for the Latin alphabet, often making the input of Chinese characters into computers difficult. Chinese dictionaries have complex and competing sorting rules for characters, and romanization systems can simplify the problem by listing the characters by their Latin form alphabetically.

Romanization systems for other Chinese varieties are indicated in the information box on the right side of this page.

خلفية

The Indian Sanskrit grammarians who went to China two thousand years ago to work on the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the transcription of Buddhist terms into Chinese, discovered the "initial sound", "final sound", and "suprasegmental tone" structure of spoken Chinese syllables.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]} This understanding is reflected in the precise Fanqie system, and it is the core principle of all modern systems. While the Fanqie system was ideal for indicating the conventional pronunciation of single, isolated characters in written Classical Chinese literature, it was unworkable for the pronunciation of essentially polysyllabic, colloquial spoken Chinese varieties, such as Mandarin.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Aside from syllable structure, it is also necessary to indicate tones in Chinese romanization. Tones distinguish the definition of all morphemes in Chinese, and the definition of a word is often ambiguous in the absence of tones. Certain systems such as Wade-Giles indicate tone with a number following the syllable: ma¹, ma², ma³, ma⁴. Others, like Pinyin, indicate the tone with diacritics: mā, má, mǎ, mà. Still, the system of Gwoyeu Romatzyh (National Romanization) bypasses the issue of introducing non-letter symbols by changing the letters within the syllable, as in mha, ma, maa, mah, each of which contains the same vowel, but a different tone.

النظم غير الصينية

The Wade, Wade-Giles, and Postal systems still appear in the European literature, but generally only within a passage cited from an earlier work. Most European language texts use the Chinese Hanyu Pinyin system (usually without tone marks) since 1979 as it was adopted by the People's Republic of China.

نظم الإرساليات

A 17th-century European map using the then-typical transcription of Chinese place names. Note the systematic use of x where Pinyin has sh, si where Pinyin has xi, and qu (stylized qv) where Pinyin uses gu

ويد-جايلز

EFEO system

رومنة البريد

نظام يل

النظم الصينية

Qieyin Xinzi

Gwoyeu Romatzyh

The four tones of guo as written in characters and Gwoyeu Romatzyh. Note the spelling differences, highlighted in red, for each tone.

In 1923, the Kuomintang Ministry of Education instituted a National Language Unification Commission which, in turn, formed an eleven-member romanization unit. The political circumstances of the time prevented any positive outcome from the formation of this unit.

Latinxua Sinwenz

Hanyu Pinyin

انظر أيضاً

مقارنة نظم رومنة الصينية
Transliteration of Chinese
Transcription into Chinese characters
رومنة اليابانية

الملاحظات

^ But compare The Grand Scribe's Records by Ssu-ma Chʻien ; William H. Nienhauser, Jr., editor ; Tsai-fa Cheng ... [et al.], translators. Bloomington 1994-present, Indiana University Press, which uses Wade-Giles for all historic names (including the author).

المراجع

الهامش

^ Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese Language: Its History and Usage. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle. p. 22. ISBN .
^ DeFrancis (1950), p.74.

المصادر

Anon, Reform of the Chinese Written Language, Foreign Languages Press, (Peking), 1958.
Chao, Y.R., A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, University of California Press, (Berkeley), 1968.
Chappell, H., "The Romanization Debate", Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No.4, (July 1980), pp. 105–118.
Chen, P., "Phonetization of Chinese", pp. 164–190 in Chen, P., Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1999.
DeFrancis, J., Nationalism and Language Reform in China, Princeton University Press, (Princeton), 1950.
Hsia, T., China's Language Reforms, Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, (New Haven), 1956.
Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
Ladefoged, Peter; & Wu, Zhongji. (1984). Places of articulation: An investigation of Pekingese fricatives and affricates. Journal of Phonetics, 12, 267-278.
Lehmann, W.P. (ed.), Language & Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, (Austin), 1975.
Lin, Y., Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
Milsky, C., "New Developments in Language Reform", The China Quarterly, No.53, (January–March 1973), pp. 98–133.
Norman, J., Chinese, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01468-X
San Duanmu (2000) The Phonology of Standard Chinese ISBN 0-19-824120-8
Seybolt, P.J. & Chiang, G.K. (eds.), Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary, M.E. Sharpe, (White Plains), 1979.
Simon, W., A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary Of The National Language (Gwoyeu): Fourth Revised Edition, Lund Humphries, (London), 1975.
Stalin, J.V., "Concerning Marxism in Linguistics", Pravda, Moscow, (20 June 1950), simultaneously published in Chinese in Renmin Ribao, English translation: Stalin, J.V., Marxism and Problems of Linguistics, Foreign Languages Press, (Peking), 1972.
Wu, Y., "Report on the Current Tasks of Reforming the Written Language and the Draft Scheme for a Chinese Phonetic Alphabet", pp. 30–54 in Anon, Reform of the Chinese Written Language, Foreign Languages Press, (Peking), 1958.
Zhou, E., "Current Tasks of Reforming the Written Language", pp. 7–29 in Anon, Reform of the Chinese Written Language, Foreign Languages Press, (Peking), 1958.
Zhou, E., "The Immediate Tasks in Writing Reform", pp. 228–243 in Seybolt, P.J. & Chiang, G.K. (eds.), Language Reform in China: Documents and Commentary, M.E. Sharpe, (White Plains), 1979.
MacGillivray, Donald (1907). (2 ed.). Printed at the Presbyterian mission press. Retrieved 2011-05-15.

وصلات خارجية

Donald MacGillivray (1907). (2 ed.). Printed at the Presbyterian mission press. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
China Christian Educational Association (1904). . SHANGHAI: Printed at the Amer. Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 78. Retrieved 2011-05-15.(the University of California)
Educational Association of China, F E. Meigs (1905). . Printed at American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
Educational Association of China (1904). . SHANGHAI: American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 100. Retrieved 2011-05-15.(the University of California)
Educational Association of China, F E. Meigs (1904). The standard system of Mandarin romanization, Volume 2. SHANGHAI: Printed at American Presbyterian Mission Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Mandarin Chinese Pinyin Table the complete listing of all Pinyin syllables and their variations used in standard Mandarin, along with native speaker pronunciation for each syllable
Overview of Chinese phonetic transcription
Java-based tool for converting texts into different romanization systems
Chinese romanization
www.pinyin.info
www.romanization.com
Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool - Converts between Pinyin, Zhuyin, and other formats