موسى اوكام
It is possible to describe the other planets in the solar system as revolving around the Earth, but that explanation is unnecessarily complex compared to the contemporary consensus that all planets in the solar system revolve around the Sun.
موسى اوكان (Occam's razor، من اللاتينية lex parsimoniae) هوالمبدأ يعتمد على حتى شرح أي ظاهرة يجب حتى يقوم على أقل عدد من الفرضيات. يتم ذلك بهجر أي فرضية لا تؤثر أوتشرح الظاهرة أوالنظرية. وسميت باسم الفيلسوف وعالم اللاهوت الإنگليزي وليام من اوكام
نظرة عامة
التاريخ
Part of a page from Duns Scotus' book Ordinatio: "Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate", i.e., "Plurality is not to be posited without necessity"
أكد هذا الفيلسوف في كتاباته على المبدأ الأرسطي القائل بأنه لا تجب مضاعفة الكينونات لأبعد مما هوضروري. وعهد هذا المبدأ بـموسى أكام. وفي الفلسفة، وفقًا لمبدأ موسى أكام؛ فإنه يجب حتى تُبيَّن المعضلة بأبسط عباراتها الأساسية. أما في العلوم، فإنه ينبغي اختيار أبسط نظرية تناسب حقائق المعضلة.
المبررات
الجمال
اللسنيات
التجريبية
اختبار الموسى
Possible explanations can get needlessly complex. It is coherent, for instance, to add the involvement of Leprechauns to any explanation, but Occam's razor would prevent such additions, unless they were necessary.
اعتبارات فهمية وپاراگماتية
الرياضيات
آراء أخرى
كارل پوپر
إليوت سوبر
ريتشارد سوينبرن
لوديگ ويتگنشتاين
التطبيقات
العلوم والمنهج العلومي
فهم الأحياء
الطب
الدين
وجود الله
فلسفة العقل
عقوبات أخلاقية
نظرية الاحتمالات والاحصاء
هدف الموسى
في الأدب والكتابة
في فهم النفس والفكاهة
نقد
موسى اوكام
انظر أيضاً
| بوابة علوم | |
| بوابة المنطق |
- Algorithmic information theory
- Bayesian inference
- Buridan's ass
- Ceteris paribus
- Common sense
- Cladistics
- Crabtree's Bludgeon
- Curve fitting
- Data compression
- Deus ex machina
- Eliminative materialism
- Egyptian fractions
- Falsifiability
- Greedy reductionism
- موسى هانلون
- KISS principle
- Kolmogorov complexity
- Metaphysical naturalism
- Minimum description length
- Minimum message length
- Model selection
- Morgan's canon
- Murphy's law
- Occam programming language
- Overfitting
- Path of least resistance
- Philosophy of science
- Plato's beard
- Poverty of the stimulus
- Principle of least astonishment
- Pseudoscience
- منطق
- موسى (فلسفة)
- Reference class problem
- Regress argument
- منهج فهمي
- Scientific reductionism
- Scientific skepticism
- Simplicity
- Stepwise regression
- Turtles all the way down
- Willi Hennig
المصادر
قراءات إضافية
- Ariew, Roger (1976). Ockham's Razor: A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Ockham's Principle of Parsimony. Champaign-Urbana, University of Illinois.
- Charlesworth, M. J. (1956). "Aristotle's Razor". Philosophical Studies (Ireland)[]. 6: 105–112.
- Churchland, Paul M. (1984). Matter and Consciousness. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN . ISBN.
- Crick, Francis H. C. (1988). What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York, New York: Basic Books. ISBN . ISBN.
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Dowe, David L. (2007). "Bayes not Bust! Why Simplicity is no Problem for Bayesians". British J. for the Philosophy of Science. 58 (4): 709–754. doi:10.1093/bjps/axm033. Retrieved 2007-09-24. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); External link in|journal=(help) -
Duda, Richard O. (2000). Pattern Classification (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. pp. 487–489. ISBN . ISBN. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Epstein, Robert (1984). "The Principle of Parsimony and Some Applications in Psychology". Journal of Mind Behavior. 5: 119–130.
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Hoffmann, Roald (1997). "Ockham's Razor and Chemistry". HYLE—International Journal for the Philosophy of Chemistry. 3: 3–28. Retrieved 2006-04-14. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Jacquette, Dale (1994). Philosophy of Mind. Engleswoods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 34–36. ISBN . ISBN.
- Jaynes, Edwin Thompson (1994). "Model Comparison and Robustness". . ISBN .
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Jefferys, William H. (1991). "Ockham's Razor and Bayesian Statistics (Preprint available as "Sharpening Occam's Razor on a Bayesian Strop)"," (PDF). American Scientist. 80: 64–72. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Katz, Jerrold (1998). Realistic Rationalism. MIT Press. ISBN .
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Kneale, William (1962). The Development of Logic. London: Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN . ISBN. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - MacKay, David J. C. (2003). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN . ISBN.
- Maurer, A. (1984). "Ockham's Razor and Chatton's Anti-Razor". Medieval Studies. 46: 463–475.
- McDonald, William (2005). "Søren Kierkegaard". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2006-04-14.
- Menger, Karl (1960). "A Counterpart of Ockham's Razor in Pure and Applied Mathematics: Ontological Uses". Synthese. 12 (4): 415. doi:10.1007/BF00485426.
- Morgan, C. Lloyd (1903). "Other Minds than Ours". (2nd ed.). London: W. Scott. p. 59. ISBN . Retrieved 2006-04-15.
- Nolan, D. (1997). "Quantitative Parsimony". British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 48 (3): 329–343. doi:10.1093/bjps/48.3.329.
- Pegis, A. C., translator (1945). Basic Writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. New York: Random House. p. 129. ISBN .
- Popper, Karl (1992). "7. Simplicity". The Logic of Scientific Discovery (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 121–132. ISBN .
- Rodríguez-Fernández, J. L. (1999). "Ockham's Razor". Endeavour. 23 (3): 121–125. doi:10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01199-0.
- Schmitt, Gavin C. (2005). "Ockham's Razor Suggests Atheism". Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2006-04-15.
- Smart, J. J. C. (1959). "Sensations and Brain Processes". Philosophical Review. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 68, No. 2. 68 (2): 141–156. doi:10.2307/2182164. JSTOR 2182164.
- Sober, Elliott (1975). Simplicity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sober, Elliott (1981). "The Principle of Parsimony". British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 32 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1093/bjps/32.2.145.
- Sober, Elliott (1990). "Let's Razor Ockham's Razor". In Dudley Knowles (ed.). Explanation and its Limits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 73–94. ISBN.
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Sober, Elliott (2001). Zellner; et al. (eds.). "What is the Problem of Simplicity?" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-04-15. Explicit use of et al. in:
|editor=(help) - Swinburne, Richard (1997). Simplicity as Evidence for Truth. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette University Press. ISBN .
- Thorburn, W. M. (1918). "The Myth of Occam's Razor". Mind. 27 (107): 345–353. doi:10.1093/mind/XXVII.3.345.
- Williams, George C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection: A Critique of some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN . ISBN.
وصلات خارجية
- What is Occam's Razor? This essay distinguishes Occam's razor (used for theories with identical predictions) from the Principle of Parsimony (which can be applied to theories with different predictions).
- Skeptic's Dictionary:
- Ockham's Razor, an essay at The Galilean Library on the historical and philosophical implications by Paul Newall.
- The Razor in the Toolbox: The history, use, and abuse of Occam’s razor, by Robert Novella
- NIPS 2001 Workshop "Foundations of Occam's Razor and parsimony in learning"
- Simplicity at Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Occam's Razor على بلانيت ماث
- Humorous corollary "Rev. Nocents' Toothbrush" (science vs. religion)
- Sherlock Hemlock from Sesame Street – teaching Occam's razor to young children, Sherlock Hemlock comes up with a complex solution to a simple problem. But then reality proves him correct.
- Economic Parsimony in Practice at Pinchtown.com
- short blog entry about statistical parsimony
- Disproof of parsimony as a general principle in science
