النوحية

The rainbow is a modern symbol of Noahidism

نطقب:Jewish outreach

النوحية (Noahidism ؛ //) أوNoachidism ( //) هي فرع توحيدي من اليهودية مبني على قوانين نوح السبع، and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism. According to the Jewish law, non-Jews (Gentiles) are not obligated to convert to Judaism, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba), the final reward of the righteous. The divinely ordained penalty for violating any of these Noahide Laws is discussed in the Talmud, but in practical terms that is subject to the working legal system that is established by the society at large. Those who subscribe to the observance of the Noahic Covenant are referred to as B'nei Noach (بالعبرية: בני נח‎, "Children of Noah") or Noahides ( //). Supporting organizations have been established around the world over the past decades, by either Noahides or Orthodox Jews.

Historically, the Hebrew term B'nei Noach has applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it's primarily used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Seven Laws of Noah.

ابن ميمون

Maimonides collected all of the Talmudic and halakhic decisions in his time (c. 1135 EV) and laid them out in his work the Mishneh Torah; in addition to Jewish laws and their explanations, the Noahide laws were also collected with their explanation in Maimonides' Sefer Shoftim (سفر القضاة) in the last section Hilchot Melachim U’Milchamot ("قوانين المكوك والحروب") 8:9–10:12. Some details of these laws are also found in the Midrashic literature.

قوانين نوح السبع

The seven laws listed by the Mishnah in Sanhedrin 56a are: to have laws and courts for the society, and to refrain from blasphemy, idolatry, a set of six forbidden sexual relationships, murder, theft, and eating flesh that was removed from a living animal.

الحركات التاريخية

The Sebomenoi or God-fearers are an early example of non-Jews being included within the Jewish community.^{: 30–32} Some consider that the Apostolic Decree originating from the Council of Jerusalem endorses something similar to the laws of Noah.

النوحية الحديثة

Some Jewish religious groups have been particularly active in promoting the Seven Laws, notably the Chabad-Lubavitch movement (whose late leader, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, launched the global Noahide Campaign), groups affiliated with Dor Daim.

Small groups calling themselves the B'nei Noah (children of Noah) have recently organised themselves to form communities to abide by these laws.^[]

There are two different concepts of Noahidism in Judaism:

Movement B'nei Noah that observesسبعة Commandments (Seven Laws) only and remaining Commandments do not apply to them”. This is the view of Chabad-Lubavitch and few other movements. This means that Noahides may not observe Sabbath, study Torah (except for Seven Laws), etc.
Movement B'nei Noah that includes a complete adherence to Judaism as a religion in order to learn from the Jews and together promote the world but without becoming a part of the Jewish people (i.e. without performing a giyur). After B'nei Noah assume the obligatory seven Commandments, they can, if desired, carry out the rest of the Jewish commandments, including studying the Torah, observing the Sabbath, celebrating Jewish holidays, etc. This view is held, for example, by Ravi Yoel Schwartz and Rav Uri Scherki.

According to the first approach, the answer to the question "can a non-Jew observe the Sabbath and study the Torah?" Is negative, and according to the second one, it is positive.

In one place of his books, Maimonides writes "The goy must not observe the Sabbath and study the Torah," while in another place he says "If Noahide wants to observe additional commandments besides theسبعة basic ones of B'nei Noah, he receives a reward from Heaven, and we (the Jews) must support him in this." Many people quote the first of his statements, not knowing about the existence of the second one. Rav Uri Scherki (and the rabbinical council of the Brit Olam organization) explain this contradiction in Maimonides by the fact that the goy and B'nei Noah are different halakhic concepts. Goy is a gentile who has not yet assumed the commandments of B'nei Noah. However, if he has already accepted Seven Laws, he ceased to be a goy and became a B'nei Noah, and as such can follow additional commandments, including keeping the Sabbath and teaching the Torah.

انظر أيضاً

Ger toshav
يهودية حريدية
Hasidic Judaism
Judaizers
Proselyte
Righteous among the Nations
Righteous gentiles
أبناء نوح
Shituf
Subbotniks

الهامش

^ "Theسبعة Noahide Laws: Universal Morality". Chabad.org. Chabad-Lubavitch. 2018.
^ Kress, Michael (2018). "The Modern Noahide Movement". My Jewish Learning.
^ Singer, Isidore; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). "Noachian Laws". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation.
^ Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot M'lakhim 8:14.
^ Encyclopedia Talmudit (Hebrew edition, Israel, 5741/1981, entry Ben Noah, end of article); note the variant reading of Maimonides and the references in the footnote.
^ Sanhedrin 56
^ Martin Goodman (2007). . BRILL. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
^ Seven Commandments
^ The meaning of the chosen people and what is a goy

وصلات خارجية

Spitzer, Jeffrey. "The Noahide Laws". My Jewish Learning.
The First Covenant Foundation
Ask Noah International and "The Divine Code" – Shulchan Aruch (Code of Torah Law) for Gentiles
Wikinoah: Online resource of history, halacha, publications, and websites concerning Bnei Noah
OU Radio show on Bnei Noah — The Jew, The Minister and The Bnei Noah
NoahideNations
Noahide.org
7for70.com
The Laws of Bnei Noach at Yeshiva.co
A Noahide talks
Noahide World Center
Bene Noach Society
Teachings for Bnei Noach (Noahides, Righteous Gentiles)