حركة الثلاثين من سبتمبر (بالإندونيسية: Gerakan 30 September، واختصارها G30S، وتُعهد أيضاً بالاختصار Gestapu للتعبير Gerakan September Tiga Puluh وأحياناً تُدعى Gestok، التي هي اختصار Gerakan Satu Oktober، حركة أول أكتوبر) كانت منظمة تقول عن نفسها أنها مناهضة للشيوعية في القوات المسلحة الوطنية الإندونيسية members who, in the early hours of 1 October 1965, assassinated six Indonesian Army generals in an abortive coup d'état. Later that morning, the organisation declared that it was in control of media and communication outlets and had taken President سوكارنوunder its protection. By the end of the day, the coup attempt had failed in Jakarta at least. Meanwhile, in central Java there was an attempt to take control over an army division and several cities. By the time this rebellion was put down, two more senior officers were dead.

In the days and weeks that followed, the army, socio-political, and religious groups blamed the coup attempt on the الحزب الشيوعي الإندونيسي (PKI). Soon a mass purge was underway, which resulted in the imprisonment and death of real or supposed Communists Party members and sympathizers. Under the "New Order" regime, and sometimes used by the current government, the movement was usually referred to as "G30S/PKI" by those wanting to associate it with the PKI.

Investigations and questioning of Suharto's version of the events were long obstructed in Indonesia. The CIA initially believed that Sukarno orchestrated all of it. Despite this, several outside sources found inconsistencies and holes in the army claims, notably Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey who wrote the Cornell Paper that challenged it.

خلفية

From the late 1950s, President Sukarno's position came to depend on balancing the opposing and increasingly hostile forces of the army and the PKI. His "anti-imperialist" ideology made Indonesia increasingly dependent on the Soviet Union and, particularly, of China. By 1965, at the height of the Cold War, the PKI extensively penetrated all levels of government. With the support of Sukarno and the air force, the party gained increasing influence at the expense of the army, thus ensuring the army's enmity. By late 1965, the army was divided between a left-wing faction allied with the PKI, and a right-wing faction that was being courted by the United States.

In need of Indonesian allies in its Cold War against the Soviet Union, the United States cultivated a number of ties with officers of the military through exchanges and arms deals. This fostered a split in the military's ranks, with the United States and others backing a right-wing faction against a left-wing faction leaning towards the PKI.

When Sukarno rejected food aid from USAID, thereby exacerbating famine conditions, the right-wing military adopted a regional command structure through which it could smuggle staple commodities to win the loyalty of the rural population. In an attempt to curtail the right-wing military's increasing power, the PKI and the left-wing military formed a number of peasant and other mass organisations.

التمرد في 30 سبتمبر

اختطاف وقتل الجنرالات

At around 3:15 am on 1 October, seven detachments of troops in trucks and buses dispatched by Lieutenant Col. Untung Syamsuri (commander of Tjakrabirawa, the presidential guard), comprising troops from the Tjakrabirawa Regiment (Presidential Guards), the Diponegoro (Central Java), and Brawijaya (East Java) Divisions, left the movement's base at Halim Perdanakusumah Air Force Base, just south of Jakarta to kidnap seven generals, all members of the Army General Staff. Three of the intended victims, (Minister/Commander of the Army Lieutenant General Ahmad Yani, Major General M. T. Haryono and Brigadier General D.I. Pandjaitan) were killed at their homes, while three more (Major General Soeprapto, Major General S. Parman and Brigadier General Sutoyo) were taken alive. Meanwhile, their main target, Coordinating Minister for Defense and Security and Armed Forces Chief of Staff, General Abdul Haris Nasution managed to escape the kidnap attempt by jumping over a wall into the Iraqi embassy garden. However his personal aide, First Lieutenant Pierre Tendean, was captured after being mistaken for Nasution in the dark. Nasution's five-year-old daughter, Ade Irma Suryani Nasution, was shot by the assault group and died onستة October. In addition a police officer guarding Nasution's neighbour, Police Chief Brigadier Karel Sadsuitubun, was shot and killed by the kidnapping group. A final victim was Albert Naiborhu, General Pandjaitan's nephew, who was killed during the raid on the General's home. The generals and the bodies of their dead colleagues were taken to a place known as Lubang Buaya near Halim where those still alive were shot. The bodies of all the victims were then thrown down a disused well near the base.

Takeover in Jakarta

الأعقاب

التطهير المناهض للشيوعية

نظريات حول حركة 30 سبتمبر

محاولة انقلاب PKI: الرواية "الرسمية" (النظام الجديد)

الهامش

المراجع

المصادر الرئيسية

• "Selected Documents Relating to the 30 September Movement and Its Epilogue", Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project) 1 (1): 131–205, April 1966, doi:10.2307/3350789, http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107134819, retrieved on 20 September 2009 
• The appendices of Roosa (2006) contain translations of two primary sources: a 1966 document by Supardjo and the 1967 court testimony of Kamaruzaman Sjam. Roosa also lists interviews he conducted which are archived at the Institute of Indonesian Social History in Jakarta.

Secondary sources

• Alham, Asahan, ed. (2002) (in Indonesian), Di Negeri Orang: Puisi Penyair Indonesia Eksil, Jakarta: Lontar Foundation, ISBN 978-979-8083-42-6 
• Anderson, Benedict R. & McVey, Ruth T. (1971), A Preliminary Analysis of the 1 October 1965, Coup in Indonesia, Interim Reports Series, Ithaca, New York: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project, ISBN 9780877630081, OCLC 210798. 
• Anderson, Benedict (May–June 2000). "Petrus Dadi Ratu" [Killer Becomes King]. New Left Review. New Left Review. II (3): 7–15.
• Crouch, Harold (April 1973), "Another Look at the Indonesian "Coup"", Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project) 15 (15): 1–20, doi:10.2307/3350791, http://cip.cornell.edu/seap.indo/1107128617, retrieved on 18 September 2009 
• Crouch, Harold (1978), The Army and Politics in Indonesia, Politics and International Relations of Southeast Asia, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1155-6 
• Curtis, Mark (2003), Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World, London: Vintage, ISBN 978-0-099-44839-6 
• Fic, Victor M. (2005). Anatomy of the Jakarta Coup: 1 October 1965: The Collusion with China which destroyed the Army Command, President Sukarno and the Communist Party of Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-979-461-554-6
• Heryanto, Ariel (2006), State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-37152-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYk3kQLoJiMC 
• Hill, David (2008), Knowing Indonesia from Afar: Indonesian Exiles and Australian Academics, Archived from the original on 16 March 2012, https://www.webcitation.org/66CgifgN8?url=http://arts.monash.edu.au/mai/asaa/davidhill.pdf, retrieved on 16 March 2012 
• Hughes, John (2002), The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-65-9
• Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "MI6 Spread Lies To Put Killer In Power", The Independent. (16 April 2000)
• Lashmar, Paul and Oliver, James. "How we destroyed Sukarno", The Independent. (6 December 2000)
• Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1999), Britain's Secret Propaganda War, Sutton Pub Ltd, ISBN 0-7509-1668-0 
• Nugroho Notosusanto & Ismail Saleh (1968) The Coup Attempt of the "30 September Movement" in Indonesia, P.T. Pembimbing Masa-Djakarta.
• Rafadi, Dedi & Latuconsina, Hudaya (1997) Pelajaran Sejarah untuk SMU Kelas ثلاثة (History for 3rd Grade High School), Erlangga Jakarta. ISBN 979-411-252-6
• Ricklefs, M.C. (1982) A History of Modern Indonesia, MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-24380-3
• Roosa, John (2006). Pretext for Mass Murder: The September 30th Movement and Suharto's Coup d'État in Indonesia. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN .
• Schaefer, Bernd; Wardaya, Baskara T., eds. (2013), 1965: Indonesia and the World, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, ISBN 978-9-792-29872-7 
• Scott, Peter (1985), "The United States and the Overthrow of Sukarno, 1965-1967", Pacific Affairs 58 (2): 239–264, doi:10.2307/2758262 
• Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1975) 30 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka: Jilid ثلاثة (1965–1973) (30 Years of Indonesian Independence: Volume ثلاثة (1965–1973))
• Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia (1994) Gerakan 30 September Pemberontakan Partai Komunis Indonesia: Latar Belakang, Aksi dan Penumpasannya (The 30 September Movement/Communist Party of Indonesia: Bankgrounds, Actions and its Annihilation) ISBN 979-083-002-5
• Sen, Krishna; Hill, David T. (2006). . Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. ISBN .
• Simpson, Bradley (2008). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960-1968. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Sundhaussen, Ulf (1982) The Road to Power: Indonesian Military Politics 1945–1967, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582521-7
• Wertheim, W.F. (1970) Suharto and the Untung Coup – the Missing Link", Journal of Contemporary Asia I No. 1 pp 50–57

وصلات خارجية

• United States Department of State documents on U.S. Foreign Relations, 1964–1968: Indonesia
  • Coup and Counter Reaction, October 1965 – March 1966: Documents 142–205