حصار طبرق
حصار طبرق استمر 241 يوماً في 1941، بعد حتى تقدمت قوات المحور عبر برقة من العقيلة في Operation Sonnenblume ضد قوات الحلفاء في ليبيا، أثناء حملة الصحراء الغربية (1940–1943) في الحرب العالمية الثانية. في أواخر 1940، هَزم الحلفاء الجيش العاشر الإيطالي أثناء Operation Compass (9 ديسمبر 1940 –تسعة فبراير 1941) ووضعوا في مصيدة بقاياه في "بدع فم". وفي مطلع 1941، كان معظم قوة الصحراء الغربية (WDF) قد أُرسِل إلى الحملتين اليونانية والسورية. ولدى وصول القوات الألمانية والتعزيزات الإيطالية إلى ليبيا، لم يكن بليبيا سوى هيكل قوة الحلفاء، بلا عتاد أومؤن.
Operation Sonnenblume (6 February – 25 May 1941), forced the Allies into a retreat to the Egyptian border. A garrison, consisting mostly of the 9th Australian Division (Lieutenant-General Leslie Morshead) remained at Tobruk, to deny the port to the Axis, while the WDF reorganised and prepared a counter-offensive. The Axis siege of Tobruk began onعشرة April, when the port was attacked by a force under Generalleutnant Erwin Rommel and continued during three relief attempts, Operation Brevity (15–16 May), Operation Battleaxe (15–17 June) and Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December). The occupation of Tobruk deprived the Axis of a supply port closer to the Egypt–Libya border than Benghazi, 560 ميل (900 kم) west of the Egyptian frontier, which was within the range of RAF bombers; Tripoli was 930 ميل (1,500 kم) to the west in Tripolitania.
The siege diverted Axis troops from the frontier and the Tobruk garrison repulsed several Axis attacks. The port was frequently bombarded by artillery, dive-bombers and medium bombers, as the RAF flew defensive sorties from airfields far away in Egypt. Allied naval forces, such as the British Mediterranean Fleet (including the Inshore Squadron) ran the blockade, carrying reinforcements and supplies in and wounded and prisoners out. On 27 November, Tobruk was relieved by the Eighth Army (which controlled British and other Allied ground forces in the Western Desert from September 1941) in Operation Crusader.
التمهيد
الإمدادات
واحدة من قوافل إيطالية عدة متجهة إلى شمال أفريقيا
طبرق
قوات وعتاد إيطاليون في طريقهم إلى طبرق 1941
الحصار
معركة اللسان الأرضي
ضباط بريطانيون يخططون لعمليات مدرعات
مجموعة من الضباط الإيطاليين، بينهم الجنرالان Gastone Gambara وAlessandro Piazzoni، بالقرب من طبرق في خريف 1941
غارة البثرتين
خنادق أسترالية في محيط طبرق
عمليات النجدة
العملية بلطة المعركة
العملية بلطة المعركة (اليوم 1)
العملية كروسيدر
الجنرال سيكورسكي يزور الجنود الپولنديين في طبرق
Matilda tanks at Tobruk, September 1941
الأعقاب
تحليل
| الخدمة | قتلى/ مفقودون |
جرحى | إجمالي |
|---|---|---|---|
| RN, RAN | 469 | 186 | 655 |
| Merchant Navy |
70 | 55 | 125 |
| Total | 539 | 241 | 780 |
الخسائر
| القوات | قتلى | جرحى | مفقودون | إجمالي |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian | 744 | 1,974 | 476 | 3,194 |
| British | 88 | 406 | 15 | 509 |
| Indian | 1 | 25 | 0 | 26 |
| Polish | 22 | 82 | 3 | 107 |
| Sub-totals | 855 | 2,487 | 494 | 3,836 |
| 70th Division |
— | — | — | 2,153 |
| Total | — | — | — | 5,989 |
أفلام روائية
- The Rats of Tobruk is a 1944 Australian film about the siege, focusing upon the Australian defenders.
- is a 1953 film about the siege. It also emphasised the Australian defenders but had a number of historical inaccuracies and omissions.
- is a 1967 film which dramatised raids on the Germans.
- Raid on Rommel is a 1971 movie that used some of the earlier film from Tobruk.
- is a 2008 film about a Czech soldier's disillusionment with war.
انظر أيضاً
- North African Campaign timeline
- قائمة معارك الحرب العالمية الثانية
- John Hurst Edmondson: Victoria Cross recipient during the siege
- Rats of Tobruk
- Twin Pimples raid
- Africa Star
الهامش
- ^ Harrison 1996, p. 338.
مراجع
Books
- Chappell, M. (1996). Army Commandos 1940–1945. Elite. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN .
- Creveld, M. van (1977). Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Dominioni, P. C.; Izzo, G. (1967). Takfír: Cronaca dell'ultima Battaglia di Alamein [Takfír: Chronicle of the Last Battle of Alamein]. Testimonianze fra cronaca e storia (in Italian). Milano: Ugo Mursia Editore. OCLC 163936563.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Greene, J.; Massignani, A. (1994). Rommel's North Africa Campaign: September 1940 – November 1942. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. ISBN .
- Harrison, F. (1999) [1996]. Tobruk: The Great Siege Reassessed. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN .
- La Prima controffensiva italo-tedesca in Africa settentrionale: (15 febbraio – 18 novembre 1941) [The First Italian-German Counter-offensive in North Africa: (15 February – 18 November 1941)]. Ufficio storico (in Italian). I. Annex 32. Roma: Ministero della difesa, Stato maggiore dell'Esercito. 1974. OCLC 13007244.CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Lewin, R. (1998) [1968]. Rommel as Military Commander. New York: B&N Books. ISBN .
- von Luck, H. (1989). Panzer Commander: The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck. New York: Dell (Random House). ISBN .
- Maughan, B. (1966). . Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). III (1st online ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 954993.
- McDonald, N. (2004). Chester Wilmot Reports. Sydney: ABC Books. ISBN .
- Mounbatten, L. (2007). Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos. London: Read Books. ISBN .
- Murphy, W. E. (1961). Fairbrother, M. C. (ed.). . The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 (online ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. OCLC 846906679. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- Neillands, R. (2004). Eighth Army: From the Western Desert to the Alps. London: John Murray. ISBN .
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (1959) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. I. 3rd impression. HMSO. OCLC 888934805.
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO 1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. II. Naval & Military Press. ISBN .
- Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO: 1960]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. III. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. ISBN .
- Saunders, H. St. G.; Mountbatten, Louis (2007) [1943]. Combined Operations: The Official Story of the Commandos (Read Books ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN .
- The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force. Public Record Office War Histories. Air 41/10 (repr. ed.). Richmond, Surrey: Air Ministry. 2001 [1948]. ISBN .CS1 maint: others (link)
المواقع
- "I Bersaglieri in Africa Settentrionale" [The Bersaglieri in North Africa]. Avanti Savoia website (in Italian). 2003. Retrieved 5 April 2015.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
للاستزادة
- Beaumont, J. (1996). Australia's War, 1939–45. Melbourne: Allen & Unwin. ISBN .
- Buckingham, W. F. (2012). Tobruk: The Great Siege, 1941–42. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN .
- Combes, D. (2001). Morshead: Hero of Tobruk and El Alamein. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Converse, A. (2011). Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British divisions in Battle 1939–1945. Australian Army History. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- FitzSimons, P. (2006). Tobruk. Sydney: Harper Collins. ISBN .
- Glassop, L. (1992) [1944]. We Were the Rats (Penguin ed.). Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ISBN .
- Guardia, M. (2014). Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Air Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN .
- Hoffman, K. (2004). Erwin Rommel. London: Brassey's. ISBN .
- Hunt, Sir D. (1990) [1966]. A Don at War (rev. ed.). London: F. Cass. ISBN .
- Jentz, T. L. (1998). Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941. Atglen, PN: Schiffer. ISBN .
- Johnston, M. (2003). That Magnificent 9th: An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN .
- Latimer, J. (2004). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. ISBN .
- Long, G. (1952). . Australia in the War of 1939–1945 Series 1 (Army). I (1st online ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 18400892.
- Long, G. (1973). The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–45 War. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ISBN .
- Maule, H. (1961). Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and his Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma. London: Odhams. OCLC 2127215.
- Mead, R. (2007). Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the key British Generals of World War II. Stroud: Spellmount. ISBN .
- Mitcham, S. W. (2007). Rommel's Desert Commanders: The Men who Served the Desert Fox, North Africa, 1941–1942. Westport, CN: Praeger Security International. ISBN .
- Montanari, M. (1985). Tobruk (marzo 1941 – gennaio 1942) [Tobruk (March 1941 – January 1942)]. Le operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (in Italian). II. Roma: Stato Maggiore dell'esercito, Ufficio Storico. OCLC 886499428.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Rommel, E. (1982) [1953]. Liddell Hart, B. (ed.). The Rommel Papers. trans. Findlay, Paul (New ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN .
- Spencer, B. (1999). In the Footsteps of Ghosts: With the 2/9th Battalion in the African Desert. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN .
- Walker, I. (2006). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. ISBN .
- Wilmot, C. (1993) [1944]. Tobruk 1941 (repr. Penguin ed.). Sydney: Halstead Press. ISBN .
المواقع
- (PDF). Appendix No. 30: Summary No. 2, entry for 16 April. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 111–112. RCDIG1026557. Retrieved 5 April 2015.CS1 maint: others (link)
- Miller, W. A. (1986). "The 9th Australian Division Versus the Africa Corps: An Infantry Division against Tanks: Tobruk, Libya, 1941". Fort Leavenworth, KN: US Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute. OCLC 815355690. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- Toppe, Generalmajor A. (1991) [~1947]. "German Experiences in Desert Warfare during World War II" (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army General Command and Staff College. OCLC 58531612. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Siege of Tobruk. |
- Australian War Memorial – Siege of Tobruk
- The Characteristic of Tobruk defence in 1941
