الثورة الهايتية
| الثورة الهايتية | |||||||||
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| جزء من الثورات الأطلسية، الحروب الثورية الفرنسية والحروب الناپليونية. | |||||||||
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Battle at San Domingo, a painting by January Suchodolski, depicting a struggle between Polish troops in French service and the slave rebels and freed revolutionary soldiers | |||||||||
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| الخصوم | |||||||||
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1791–1793 Ex-slaves French royalists Spain (from 1793) 1793–1798 French royalists مملكة بريطانيا العظمى Spain (until 1796) 1798–1801 Louverture Loyalists 1802–1804 Ex-slaves  United Kingdom
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1791–1793
1798–1801 Rigaud Loyalists Spain 1802–1804 French Republic Spain |
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| القادة والزعماء | |||||||||
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1791–1793 Dutty Boukman † Georges Biassou Vincent Ogé André Rigaud 1793–1798 Paul-Louis Dubuc Thomas Maitland Joaquín Moreno 1798–1801 Toussaint Louverture 1802–1804 Toussaint Louverture Jean-Jacques Dessalines Henri Christophe Alexandre Pétion François Capois John Duckworth John Loring |
1791–1793 Viscount de Blanchelande Léger-Félicité Sonthonax 1793–1798 Toussaint Louverture André Rigaud Alexandre Pétion 1798–1801 André Rigaud 1802–1804 Napoleon Bonaparte Charles Leclerc † Vicomte de Rochambeau Villaret de Joyeuse Federico Gravina |
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| القوات | |||||||||
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Regular army: 55,000, Volunteers: 100,000+ 31,000 |
Regular army: 60,000, 86 warships and frigates |
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| الخسائر | |||||||||
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Haitians: 200,000 dead British: 45,000 dead |
France: 75,000 dead | ||||||||
| White colonists: 25,000 | |||||||||
نطقب:Campaignbox Haitian Revolution
نطقب:History of Haiti
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
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وسائل
Nonviolent revolution
Nonviolent resistance Tax resistance Boycotts Samizdat Guerrilla warfare Coup Civil War Revolt Civil Disobedience Rebellion Communist revolution Revolutionary terror |
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أسباب
Feudalism
ضغط اقتصادي ملكية Dictatorship Fascism اشتراكلية مجاعة كارثة طبيعية Persecution الفساد Class Struggle |
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تاريخ
ثورة صناعية
ثورة تجارية ثورة إنگليزية ثورة هندية ثورة أمريكية ثورة فرنسية ثورة أطلنطية ثورة 1848 Xinhai Revolution ثورة روسية ثورة صينية ثورة كوبية ثورة ثقافية ثورة إسلامية ثورة جزائرية ثورة لونية Bolivarian Revolution |
الثورة الهايتية (بالفرنسية: Révolution haïtienne [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n])، كانت successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint-Domingue that lasted from 1791 until 1804. It affected the institution of slavery throughout the Americas. Self-liberated slaves destroyed slavery at home, fought to preserve their freedom, and with the collaboration of mulattoes, founded the sovereign state of Haiti. It led to the greatest slave uprising since Spartacus's unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years prior.
The Haitian Revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state free from slavery and ruled by non-whites and former captives. With the increasing number of Haitian Revolutionary Studies in the last few decades, it has become clear that the event was a defining moment in the racial histories of the Atlantic World. The legacy of the Revolution was that it challenged long-held beliefs about black inferiority and of the enslaved person's capacity to achieve and maintain freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure became the source of stories that shocked and frightened slave owners.
Literature about the Haitian Revolution
- An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, From Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President
- Bug-Jargal
- The Crime of Napoleon
- The Black Jacobins
See also
- Cécile Fatiman
- Charles Rivière-Hérard
- Dédée Bazile
- Lamour Desrances
- Faustin Soulouque
- Jean-François Papillon
- Joseph Balthazar Inginac
- Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
- Marie-Jeanne Lamartiniére
- Marie-Louise Coidavid
- Marie-Madeleine Lachenais
- Pauline Bonaparte
- Peace of Basel
- Philippe Guerrier
- Pompée Valentin Vastey
- Quasi War
- Suzanne Simone Baptiste Louverture
- Sanité Bélair
- War of the Knives
== المراجع ==:*Please note that the URL in a footnote whose link is followed by an asterisk may occasionally require special attention.
- ^ Madiou, Thomas (1848). . J. Courtois,. p. 313.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ^ Scheina. Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books. p. 1772.
- ^ Taber, Robert D. “.” 13, no.خمسة (2015): 235–50. doi:10.1111/hic3.12233. (2015). "Navigating Haiti's History: Saint-Domingue and the Haitian Revolution". History Compass. 13 (5): 235–50. doi:10.1111/hic3.12233.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Bongie, Chris (2008). . Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press. p. 45. ISBN .
- ^ Curtis Comstock, Sandra (2012). Incorporating Comparisons in the Rift: Making Use of Cross-Place Events and Histories in Moments of World Historical Change, a chapter in Anna Amelina, Beyond methodological nationalism: research methodologies for cross-border studies. Taylor and Francis,. pp. 183–185. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed, ed. (28 August 2010). "Theعشرة best revolutionaries". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ Franklin W. Knight (February 2000). "The Haitian Revolution". The American Historical Review. 105 (1): 103–115. doi:10.2307/2652438.
- ^ Joseph, Celucien L. (2012). The Haitian Turn': An Appraisal of Recent Literary and Historiographical Works on the Haitian Revolution". Journal of Pan African Studies. 5 (6): 37–55.
- ^ Philip James Kaisary (2008). . University of Warwick. pp. 8–10.
- ^ Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL. If a page linked from a footnote that cites the Haiti study bears a title different from that cited next to the link, consult A Country Study: Haiti for the revised URL.
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مراجع مخطية عن الثورة الهايتية |
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للاستزادة
- Baur, John. "International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution." The Americas 26, no. أربعة (1970).
- Blackburn, Robin. "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly 63.4, 633–674 (2006)
- Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). . Heinemann. ISBN . Retrieved 15 May 2015.
- Censer,Jack Richard,; Lynn Avery Hunt (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution. Penn State University Press. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Dubois, Laurent (2005). Avengers of the New World. Harvard University Press. ISBN .
- Laurent Dubois; John D. Garrigus (2006). Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804 A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/st Martins. ISBN .
- Fick, Carolyne "The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom: defining citizenship in the revolutionary era". Social History, Vol 32. No 4, November 2007
- Garrigus, John D. (2006). Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. Macmillan. ISBN .
- Geggus, David Patrick. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press 2001. ISBN 978-1-57003-416-9
- Girard, Philippe. “Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States,” William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87–124.
- Girard, Philippe. “Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803,” French Historical Studies 32:4 (Fall 2009), 587–618.
- Girard, Philippe R. The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2011. ISBN 0-8173-1732-5
- Girard, Philippe. “Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal,” William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012).
- Cyril Lionel Robert James (1989). The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution (2nd ed.). Vintage. ISBN .
- Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
- Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
- Ott, Thomas O. The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804. University of Tennessee Press, 1973.
- Joseph Elisée Peyre-Ferry (2006). Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint-Domingue 1802–1803 sous les ordres des capitaines-généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau. Les Editions de Paris-Max Chaleil. ISBN .
- Popkin, Jeremy D., You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
- Jeffers, Jen (2016) "Freedom At All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion". The Raven Report.
وصلات خارجية
- The Louverture Project, a wiki about the history of Haiti
- Haiti: History of Shaken Country-- Video interview with historian Laurent Dubois
- Haiti Archives
- "Égalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution". Noland Walker. PBS documentary. 2009
- France Urged to Pay $40 Billion to Haiti in Reparations for "Independence Debt" – video report by Democracy Now!
- The Other Revolution: Haiti, 1789 – 1804 digital exhibition from Brown University
- 15 Minutes History, UT at Austin
- Two Revolutions in the Atlantic World: Connections between the American Revolution and the Haitian Revolution Gilder Lehrman Center, Laurent Dubois.
- "Upheavals in France and Saint-Domingue" Brown University
نطقب:Haiti topics
