رتشارد بكمنستر "بـَكي" فولر Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller ‏( //؛ 12 يوليو1895 - 1 يوليو1983) كان معمارياً ومنظر أنظمة ومؤلف ومصمم ومخترع أمريكي.

نشر فولر أكثر من 30 كتاباً، وصاغ أوأشهر مصطلحات مثل "Spaceship Earth", ephemeralization, and synergetic. He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome. Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres.

كان فولر ثاني رئيس عالمي لمؤسسة منسا من 1974 حتى 1983.

سيرته

وُلِد فولر في 12 يوليو1895، في ملتون، مساتشوستس، ابناً لرتشارد بكمنستر فولر وكارولين ولكوت أندروز، وحفيد شقيق American Transcendentalist مارگرت فولر. وقد أمضى معظم شبابه في جزيرة الدب، في خليج پنوبسكوت لقاء ساحل ولاية مين. He attended Froebelian Kindergarten.^[] He had trouble with geometry, being unable to understand the abstraction that a chalk dot on the blackboard represented a mathematical point, or that an imperfectly drawn line with an arrow on the end was meant to stretch off to infinity. He often made items from materials he found in the woods, and sometimes made his own tools. He experimented with designing a new apparatus for human propulsion of small boats. By age 12, he had invented a 'push pull' system for propelling a row boat by use of an inverted umbrella connected to the transom with a simple oar lock which allowed the user to face forward to point the boat toward its destination. Later in life, Fuller took exception to the term "invention".

القباب الجيوديسية

Fuller taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina during the summers of 1948 and 1949, serving as its Summer Institute director in 1949. There, with the support of a group of professors and students, he began reinventing a project that would make him famous: the geodesic dome. Although the geodesic dome had been created some 30 years earlier by Dr. Walther Bauersfeld, Fuller was awarded United States patents. He is credited for popularizing this type of structure.

مسرح العالم

مشاريع التصميم الكبرى

القبة الجيوديسية

Fuller was most famous for his lattice shell structures – geodesic domes, which have been used as parts of military radar stations, civic buildings, environmental protest camps and exhibition attractions. An examination of the geodesic design by Walther Bauersfeld for the Zeiss-Planetarium, built some 20 years prior to Fuller's work, reveals that Fuller's Geodesic Dome patent (U.S. 2,682,235; awarded in 1954), follows the same design as Bauersfeld's.

النقل

منطق رئيسي: سيارة ديماكسيون

الإسكان

Fuller's energy-efficient and inexpensive Dymaxion house garnered much interest, but only two prototypes were ever produced. Here the term "Dymaxion" is used in effect to signify a "radically strong and light tensegrity structure". One of Fuller's Dymaxion Houses is on display as a permanent exhibit at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed and developed during the mid-1940s, this prototype is a round structure (not a dome), shaped something like the flattened "bell" of certain jellyfish. It has several innovative features, including revolving dresser drawers, and a fine-mist shower that reduces water consumption. According to Fuller biographer Steve Crooks, the house was designed to be delivered in two cylindrical packages, with interior color panels available at local dealers. A circular structure at the top of the house was designed to rotate around a central mast to use natural winds for cooling and air circulation.

مفاهيم ومباني

مفاهيمه ومبانيه ضمت:

براءات اختراع

(from the Table of Contents of Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4)

• 1927 U.S. Patent 1٬633٬702  Stockade: building structure
• 1927 U.S. Patent 1٬634٬900  Stockade: pneumatic forming process
• 1928 (Application Abandoned) 4D house
• 1937 U.S. Patent 2٬101٬057  Dymaxion car
• 1940 U.S. Patent 2٬220٬482  Dymaxion bathroom
• 1944 U.S. Patent 2٬343٬764  Dymaxion deployment unit (sheet)
• 1944 U.S. Patent 2٬351٬419  Dymaxion deployment unit (frame)
• 1946 U.S. Patent 2٬393٬676  Dymaxion map
• 1946 (No Patent) Dymaxion house (Wichita)
• 1954 U.S. Patent 2٬682٬235  Geodesic dome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬881٬717  Paperboard dome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬905٬113  Plydome
• 1959 U.S. Patent 2٬914٬074  Catenary (geodesic tent)
• 1961 U.S. Patent 2٬986٬241  Octet truss
• 1962 U.S. Patent 3٬063٬521  Tensegrity
• 1963 U.S. Patent 3٬080٬583  Submarisle (undersea island)
• 1964 U.S. Patent 3٬139٬957  Aspension (suspension building)
• 1965 U.S. Patent 3٬197٬927  Monohex (geodesic structures)
• 1965 U.S. Patent 3٬203٬144  Laminar dome
• 1965 (Filed – No Patent) Octa spinner
• 1967 U.S. Patent 3٬354٬591  Star tensegrity (octahedral truss)
• 1970 U.S. Patent 3٬524٬422  Rowing needles (watercraft)
• 1974 U.S. Patent 3٬810٬336  Geodesic hexa-pent
• 1975 U.S. Patent 3٬863٬455  Floatable breakwater
• 1975 U.S. Patent 3٬866٬366  Non-symmetrical tensegrity
• 1979 U.S. Patent 4٬136٬994  Floating breakwater
• 1980 U.S. Patent 4٬207٬715  Tensegrity truss
• 1983 U.S. Patent 4٬377٬114  Hanging storage shelf unit

ببليوگرافيا

• 4d Timelock (1928)
• Nine Chains to the Moon (1938)
• Untitled Epic Poem on the History of Industrialization (1962)
• Ideas and Integrities, a Spontaneous Autobiographical Disclosure (1963) ISBN 0-13-449140-8
• No More Secondhand God and Other Writings (1963)
• Education Automation: Freeing the Scholar to Return (1963)
• What I Have Learned: A Collection of 20 Autobiographical Essays, Chapter "How Little I Know", (1968)
• Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) ISBN 0-8093-2461-X
• Utopia or Oblivion (1969) ISBN 0-553-02883-9
• Approaching the Benign Environment (1970) ISBN 0-8173-6641-5 (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
• I Seem to Be a Verb (1970) coauthors Jerome Agel, Quentin Fiore, ISBN 1-127-23153-7
• Intuition (1970)
• Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith, ISBN 0-385-02979-9
• The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973) coauthor Robert Marks, ISBN 0-385-01804-5
• Earth, Inc (1973) ISBN 0-385-01825-8
• Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb, ISBN 0-02-541870-X
• Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the Three Bears, A Cosmic Fairy Tale (1975)
• And It Came to Pass — Not to Stay (1976) ISBN 0-02-541810-6
• R. Buckminster Fuller on Education (1979) ISBN 0-87023-276-2
• Synergetics 2: Further Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
• Buckminster Fuller – Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario (1980) page 54, R. Buckminster Fuller, documented and edited by Robert Snyder, St. Martin’s Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-10678-5
• Buckminster Fuller Sketchbook (1981)
• Critical Path (1981) ISBN 0-312-17488-8
• Grunch of Giants (1983) ISBN 0-312-35193-3
• Inventions: The Patented Works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983) ISBN 0-312-43477-4
• Humans in Universe (1983) coauthor Anwar Dil, ISBN 0-89925-001-7
• Cosmography: A Posthumous Scenario for the Future of Humanity (1992) coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya, ISBN 0-02-541850-5

انظر أيضاً

• Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
• The Buckminster Fuller Challenge
• Cloud Nine (tensegrity sphere)
• Design science revolution
• Emissions Reduction Currency System
• Noosphere
• Old Man River's City project
• Spome
• Bucky Ball
• Whole Earth Catalog

الهامش

للاستزادة

• Applewhite, E. J. (1977). Cosmic Fishing: An account of writing Synergetics with Buckminster Fuller. ISBN .
• Applewhite, E. J., ed. (1986). Synergetics Dictionary, The Mind Of Buckminster Fuller; in four volumes. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN .
• Chu, Hsiao-Yun (Fall 2008). "Fuller's Laboratory Notebook". Collections. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press. 4 (4): 295–306.
• Chu, Hsiao-Yun; Trujillo, Roberto (2009). New Views on R. Buckminster Fuller. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN .
• Eastham, Scott (2007). American Dreamer. Bucky Fuller and the Sacred Geometry of Nature. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. ISBN .
• Edmondson, Amy (2007). A Fuller Explanation. EmergentWorld LLC. ISBN .
• Hatch, Alden (1974). Buckminster Fuller At Home In The Universe. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN .
• نطقب:Cite ANB
• Kenner, Hugh (1973). Bucky: a guided tour of Buckminster Fuller. ISBN .
• Krausse, Joachim; Lichtenstein, Claude, eds. (1999). Your Private Sky, R. Buckminster Fuller: The Art Of Design Science. Lars Mueller Publishers. ISBN .CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)
• McHale, John (1962). R. Buckminster Fuller. New York: George Brazillier, Inc.
• Pawley, Martin (1991). Buckminster Fuller. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company. ISBN .
• Potter, R. Robert (1990). Buckminster Fuller. Pioneers in Change Series. Silver Burdett Publishers. ISBN .
• Robertson, Donald (1974). Mind's Eye Of Buckminster Fuller. New York: Vantage Press, Inc. ISBN .
• Snyder, Robert (1980). Buckminster Fuller: An Autobiographical Monologue/Scenario. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN .
• Sterngold, James (June 15, 2008). "The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller". The New York Times (Arts section).
• Ward, James, ed., The Artifacts Of R. Buckminster Fuller, A Comprehensive Collection of His Designs and Drawings in Four Volumes: Volume One. The Dymaxion Experiment, 1926–1943; Volume Two. Dymaxion Deployment, 1927–1946; Volume Three. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 1, 1947–1959; Volume Four. The Geodesic Revolution, Part 2, 1960–1983: Edited with descriptions by James Ward. Garland Publishing, New York. 1984 (ISBN 0-8240-5082-7 vol. 1, ISBN 0-8240-5083-5 vol. 2, ISBN 0-8240-5084-3 vol. 3, ISBN 0-8240-5085-1 vol. 4)
• Wong, Yunn Chii (1999). (PhD thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture.

وصلات خارجية

الوصلات الخارجية في هذه الموضوعة قد لا تتبع سياسات المحتوى أوالإرشادات. من فضلك حسـِّن هذه الموضوعة بإزالة الوصلات الخارجية الزائدة أوغير المناسبة.

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Buckminster Fuller.

• The Estate of R. Buckminster Fuller
• Buckminster Fuller Institute
• Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – February 23, 1983
• [[:openlibrary:authors/{{{id |Works by بكمنستر فولر]] on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• , a portrait by Ansel Adams

منطقات عن فولر

• 'Bucky' Gets Lucky with Stamp by Danit Lidor, Wired (July 12, 2004)
• Dymaxion Man: The Visions of Buckminster Fuller by Elizabeth Kolbert, The New Yorker (June 9, 2008)
• The Love Song of R. Buckminster Fuller New York Times article questioning Fuller's supposed consideration of suicide, (June 15, 2008)

مجموعات

• Buckminster Fuller Digital Collection at Stanford includes 380 hrs. of streamed audio-visual material from Fuller's personal archive
• Buckminster Fuller Papers housed at Stanford University Libraries
• Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University – Archival photographs of Buckminster Fuller from the Toronto Telegram.

كل شيء أعهده

• Session, Philadelphia, 1975 at Stanford University Libraries
• 42-hour lecture session — video, audio, and full transcripts.

تسجيلات صوتية

• The State of Things - discussion about Fuller

Documentaries

• at the Internet Movie Database, a 1974 documentary
• at the Internet Movie Database, a 1996 episode of American Masters
• at the Internet Movie Database, a 2004 short animated documentary
• , a 2012 live documentary by filmmaker Sam Green

مصادر أخرى

• CJ Fearnley's List of Buckminster Fuller Resources on the Internet
• Buckminster Fuller at Pionniers & Précurseurs. Includes a bibliography
• "Buckminster Fuller's Experimental Finishing School", an excerpt from The Experimenters: Chance and Design at Black Mountain College by Eva Díaz

نطقب:Buckminster Fuller

نطقب:Whole Earth