الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية
الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية Philippine-American War | |||||||||
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معركة مانيلا، فبراير 1899. | |||||||||
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الخصوم | |||||||||
الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى Katipunan Pulajanes سلطنة سولو شعب المورو |
الولايات المتحدة Philippine Constabulary Philippine Scouts |
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القادة والزعماء | |||||||||
Emilio Aguinaldo Miguel Malvar Manuel Tinio Arcadio Maxilom Macario Sakay Dionisio Seguela Sultan of Sulu |
William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Otis Arthur MacArthur John Pershing Jacob Smith |
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القوات | |||||||||
~12,000–20,000 killed |
~126,000 اجمالي |
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الخسائر | |||||||||
4,165 قتيل (حوالي 75% من الأمراض)، ~3,000 جريح; 2,000 من الشرطة الفلپينية ما بين قتيل وجريح |
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July 4, 1902 is the official ending date of the war, though the Moro, the Pulahanes, the remnants of the Katipunan, and the Tagalog Republic, continued hostilities until June 15, 1913. |
الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية، وتعهد أيضا بحرب استقلال الفلپين أوالعصيان الفلپيني (1899–1902), كان صراع مسلح بين جماعة من الثوار الفلپينيون والولايات المتحدة والذي نشأ من نضال الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى للحصول على الاستقلال بعد ضمها من قبل الولايات المتحدة. كانت الحرب جزء من سلسلة صراعات في النضال الفلپيني من أجل الاستقلال، سبقه الثورة الفلپينية والحرب الإسپانية الأمريكية.
خلفية
الثورة الفلپينية
نفي وعودة أگينالدو
الحرب ضد الولايات المتحدة
أصول الصراع
مهمة الفلپين الأولى
القيصر الألماني ڤلهلم الثاني كان قد نادى أيضا إلى مساندة إسبانيا في حربها ضد الولايات المتحدة في عام 1898 حيث أنه حمل شعار "لابد حتى تكون مانيلا لنا" بل وحاول إمداد القوات الإسبانية بالسلاح عن طريق السفن الألمانية التى حاولت أيضا التحرش بالبحرية الأمريكية. إلا حتى العم سام عندما كشر عن أنيابه في وجه القيصر إنسحبت السفن الألمانية وهجرت الإسبان يلاقون مصيرهم في الفليبين. إلى غير ذلك سقطت آخر المستعمرات الإسبانية كوبا وبورتوريكووالفلپين وانتهى التاريخ الإستعماري الإسباني.
مهمة الفلپين الثانية
استراتيجية الحرب الأمريكية
التكتيكات الأمريكية
قرارات الجنرال اوتيس
استراتيجية الحرب الفلپينية
فترة حرب العصابات
انحدار وسقوط الجمهورية الفلپينية الأولى
النهاية الرسمية للحرب
تناقضات
Pulajanes
تمرد مورو
المناخ السياسي
المعارضة الأمريكية
Filipino collaboration
الأعمال الوحشية
الأعمال الوحشية الأمريكية
رسائل وخطابات الجنود الأمريكان
معسكرات الاعتنطق
الأعمال الوحشية الأمريكية
العواقب
التأثير الثقافي
استقلال الفلپين
انظر أيضا
- معارك الحرب الحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية
- Benevolent assimilation
- أمريكي فلپيني
- تاريخ الفلپين
- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine-American War
- Lodge Committee
- Moro Rebellion
- Battle of Cagayan de Misamis, now the City of Cagayan de Oro
- شرطة الفلپين
- Philippine Scouts
- خط زمني للحرب الفلپينية الأمريكية
- The White Man's Burden, written in regard to the U.S. conquest of the Philippines and other former Spanish colonies
الهوامش
- ^ "Historian Paul Kramer revisits the Philippine-American War", The JHU Gazette (Johns Hopkins University) 35 (29), April 10, 2006, http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/2006/10apr06/10paul.html, retrieved on 2008-03-18
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةreCasualties
- ^ Deady 2005, p. 62
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةDeady2005p55
- ^ Ramsey 2007, p. 115
- ^ Hack & Rettig 2006, p. 172.
- ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةPast
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةagoncillo1990pp247-297
- ^ Wolters, W.G. (2004), "Philippine War of Independence", in Keat Gin Ooi, Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor, II, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1576077705, http://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1075
- ^ Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898, Yale University, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp
- ^ Carman Fitz Randolph (2009), "Chapter I, The Annexation of the Philippines", The Law and Policy of Annexation, BiblioBazaar, LLC, ISBN 9781103324811, http://books.google.com/books?id=g07Vz_oKDMcC&pg=PA1
- ^ "Jacob F. Smith."(2010). Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
- Philip A.(2004) COLONIALISM IN DENIAL: US PROPAGANDA IN THE PHILIPPINE—AMERICAN WAR. Social Alternatives Vol. 23 No.3, Third Quarter, 2004. (Abstract at research.usc.edu.au).
- “Race-Making and Colonial Violence in the U. S. Empire: The Philippine-American War as Race War,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (April 2006), 169-210. (Adapted version at Japanfocus.org).
- Dead for a Century, Twain Says What He Meant. The New York Times, July 9, 2010.
المصادر
- Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-1024-15-2
- Agoncillo, Teodoro (1997), Malolos: The crisis of the republic, University of the Philippines Press, ISBN 971-542-096-6 Kenton J. Clymer States “The book provides the best account to date of the inner dynamics of the Filipino side of the war.” — Review: Not so Benevolent Assimilation: The Philippine–American War, Reviews in American History Vol. 11, No. أربعة (Dec., 1983), pp. 547–52
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- Blitz, Amy (2000), The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0847699358
- Boot, Max (2003), The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00720-1
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- Burdeos, Ray L. (2008), Filipinos in the U.S. Navy & Coast Guard During the Vietnam War, AuthorHouse, ISBN 9781434361417, http://books.google.com/?id=tN__4jLTnd8C.
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- Gates, John M. (1973), Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-8371-5818-4
- Gates, John M. (1983), "War-Related Deaths in the Philippines, 1898–1902", Pacific Historical Review 53 (367)
- Gates, John M. (2002), "Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines", The US Army and Irregular Warfare, The College of Wooster, http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html
- Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005), The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899., Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972), http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001, retrieved on 2008-03-26. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
- Hack, Karl; Rettig, Tobias (2006), Colonial armies in Southeast Asia, Routledge, ISBN 9780415334136, http://books.google.com/books?id=IFNrC0lVLvAC
- Halstead, Murat (1898), "XII. The American Army in Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=122
- Halstead, Murat (1898), "XXVIII. Battles with the Filipinos before Manila", The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=58428&pageno=307
- Hamilton, Richard F. (2007), President McKinley and America's "New Empire"., Transaction Publishers, ISBN 9780765803832, http://books.google.com/?id=YrFALYTl_l8C
- Joaquin, Nicomedes (1977), A Question of Heroes, ISBN 971-27-1545-0
- Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1926), The Development of Philippine Politics, Oriental commercial, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=17, retrieved on 2008-02-07
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- Karnow, Stanley (1990), In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, ISBN 0345328167, http://books.google.com/?id=pJqMAAAACAAJ
- Kumar, Amitava (October 29, 1999), Poetics/Politics: Radical Aesthetics for the Classroom, Palgrave, ISBN 0-312-21866-4
- Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990), Philippine History and Government (Second ed.), Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., ISBN 9710618946
- Linn, Brian McAllister (2000), The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-4948-0, http://books.google.com/?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC&printsec=frontcover
- Lone, Stewart (2007), Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War, Greenwood, ISBN 0-313-33684-9
- May, Glenn Anthony (1991), Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04850-5
- Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982), Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-02697-8, http://books.google.com/?id=Zj6g2ag47TwC Kenton J. Clymer States “The War Miller describes is a more believable one than the one Gates pictures.”
- Paine, Albert Bigelow (1912), Mark Twain: A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, Harper & Brothers, http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/9/8/2988/2988.txt
- Painter, Nell Irvin (May 1, 1989), Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0-393-30588-0
- Ramsey, Robert D. III (2007), Savage Wars of Peace: Case Studies of Pacification in the Philippines, 1900–1902, Combat Studies Institute Press, http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/ramsey_24.pdf, ISBN 978-0-16-078950-2.
- Shaw, Angel Velasco (2002), Vestiges of War: The Philippine-American War and the Aftermath of an Imperial Dream, 1899–1999, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-9791-1
- Schirmer, Daniel B. (1972), Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War, Schenkman, ISBN 0-87073-105-X
- Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987), The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance, South End Press, ISBN 0-89608-275-X
- Sexton, William Thaddeus (2008), Soldiers in the Sun, READ BOOKS, ISBN 9781443731232, http://books.google.com/?id=vCTmJeh1OHwC
- Silbey, David J. (2007), A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 9780809096619, http://books.google.com/?id=6Vp63xXFh64C&dq
- Simmons, Edwin H. (2003), The United States Marines: a history, Naval Institute Press, ISBN 9781557508683, http://books.google.com/books?id=-3SWUovKGzIC
- Smallman-Raynor, Matthew; Andrew D Cliff (January 1998), "The Philippines Insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part I — Epidemiological diffusion processes in war", Journal of Historical Geography 24 (1): 69–89, doi:
- Steinberg, David Joel (Summer 1972), "An Ambiguous Legacy: Years at War in the Philippines", Pacific Affairs 45 (2)
- Wildman, E. (1901), Aguinaldo: A Narrative of Filipino Ambitions, Norwood, Massachusetts: Norwood Press
- Wolff, Leon (1960), Little Brown Brother: How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn, Doubleday & Company, Inc, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 61-6528
- Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IV. The Premeditated Insurgent Attack", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 75–89, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=83, retrieved on 2008-02-07
- Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "IX, The conduct of the war", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 168–184, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=168, retrieved on 2008-02-07
- Worcester, Dean Conant (1914), "XIV, The Philippine Constabulary and Public Order", The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2), Macmillan, pp. 233–247, ISBN 141917715X, http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=233, retrieved on 2008-02-07
- Young, Kenneth Ray (1994), The General's General: The Life and Times of Arthur Macarthur, Westview Press
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- Zwick, Jim (1992), Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-0268-5
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- Zwick, Jim (1982), Militarism and Repression in the Philippines, Centre for Developing-Area Studies, McGill University, ISBN 0888190549
- Zwick, Jim (January 1, 1992), Prodigally Endowed with Sympathy for the Cause: Mark Twain's Involvement with the Anti-Imperialist League, Ephemera Society of America, ASIN B0006R8RJ8
قراءات إضافية
- Delmendo, Sharon (2004), The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0813534119, http://books.google.com/?id=N6nkB_PDdXcC
- Legarda, Benito J. Jr. (2001). The Hills of Sampaloc: the Opening Actions of the Philippine-American War, February 4–5, 1899. Makati: Bookmark. ISBN 9789715694186.
- Linn, Brian McAllister. The Philippine War 1899–1902. University Press of Kansas, 2002. ISBN 0-7006-0990-3.
- Linn, Brian McAllister. The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902 (2000)
- Silbey, David J. A War of Frontier and Empire: The Philippine-American War, 1899-1902 (2008)
- Stewart, Richard W. General Editor, Ch. 16, Transition, Change, and the Road to war, 1902-1917", in "American Military History, Volume I: The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775-1917", Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-072362-0.
- Wilcox, Marrion. Harper's History of the War. Harper, New York and London 1900, reprinted 1979. [Alternate title: Harper's History of the War in the Philippines]. Also reprinted in the Philippines by Vera-Reyes.
مراجع أساسية
- The "Lodge Committee" (a.k.a. Philippine Investigating Committee) hearings and a great deal of documentation were published in three volumes (3000 pages) as S. Doc. 331, 57th Cong., 1st Session An abridged version of the oral testimony can be found in: American Imperialism and the Philippine Insurrection: Testimony Taken from Hearings on Affairs in the Philippine Islands before the Senate Committee on the Philippines—1902; edited by Henry F Graff; Publisher: Little, Brown; 1969. ASIN: B0006BYNI8
- Storey, Moorfield and Julian Codman legal counsel for the Philippine Investigating Committee. (1902). Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare — Wikisource.
وصلات خارجية
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Philippine-American War. |
- "Images from the Philippine-United States War". historicaltextarchive.com. Retrieved 2006-05-20.
- "The Philippine Centennial Celebration". MSC Computer Training Center. Retrieved 2006-05-20.
- A brief description of the war between the United States and the Philippines, which began in 1899.
- [1] The Matter of the Philippines, from Birth of an American Empire, EDSITEment]
- El Primer Genocido (Spanish) (archived from the original on 2006-10-15)
- "August 13, 1898 and RP’s short-lived republic" by Mariano "Anong" Santos, Pinoy Newsmagazine, August 2006 (archived from the original on 2008-02-13)
- "Imperial Amnesia" by John B. Judis, Foreign Policy, July/August 2004
- The Philippine Revolutionary Records at Filipiniana.net (archived from the original on 2009-05-25).
- "Battle of Paceo", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison
- "Battle Of Quingua", 1899 painting by Kurz and Allison
- Images of Philippine-American War[]