هيئة الأمم المتحدة لمراقبة الهدنة United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ‏(UNTSO) هي هيئة تأسست في 29 مايو1948 for peacekeeping in the Middle East. Its primary task was providing the military command structure to the peace keeping forces in the Middle East to enable the peace keepers to observe and maintain the cease-fire, and as may be necessary in assisting the parties to the Armistice Agreements in the supervision of the application and observance of the terms of those Agreements. The command structure of the UNTSO was maintained to cover the later peace keeper organisations of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL).

خلفية

In response to a request from Count Folke Bernadotte, United Nations Mediator for Palestine, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Trygve Lie, sent 50 members of the United Nations guard force from Lake Success to assist the Mediator in supervising the Truce in the former British Mandate of Palestine in 1948 and the "UNTSO", the first peacekeeping operation was established by the United Nations. All the members of the party were experienced international civil servants with a background of service with the United Nations Secretariat at Headquarters. While on duty in Palestine, they were to continue to wear United Nations guard uniforms. UNTSO military observers remain in the Middle East to monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating and assist other UN peacekeeping operations in the region. This resolution formed the basis for the establishment of the first United Nations peace-keeping operation which became known as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNTSO In November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly endorsed a plan for the partition of the then British Mandate of Palestine, providing for the creation of an Arab State and a Jewish State, with Jerusalem to be placed in Trusteeship with international status. The plan was not accepted by the Palestinian Arabs and Arab States and only partially accepted by the Jewish Agency of Palestine. On 14 May 1948, the United Kingdom relinquished its mandate over Palestine and the State of Israel was proclaimed. On the following day, the Arab States invaded Palestine Mandate territory.

On 14 May 1948, the Assembly adopts resolution 186 (S-2), which affirms its support for the efforts of the Security Council to secure a truce in Palestine; decides to appoint a U.N. Mediator. Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden was appointed. And sent him to Palestine. On 22 May 1948, the Security Council adopts resolution 49 (1948), calling for an abstention from any hostile military action in Palestine. The resolution also calls upon the parties to facilitate the task of the U.N. Mediator.

On 23 May 1948 Thomas C. Wasson, US Consul and member of the UN Truce Commission was assassinated in Jerusalem.

After assassination, the talks between the warring parties began under the supervision of the Acting Mediator, Ralph Bunche.

Headquarters

Cairo was the initial Headquarters of UNTSO. The UNTSO's HQ was moved, shortly after its creation, to Haifa (British enclave in this time), in late June 1948. The Haifa HQ was evacuated onتسعة July due to renewed fighting. With the return of UN peacekeeping forces to Israel on 21 July 1948 the Headquarters for UNTSO was moved again onسبعة October 1948 for the third and final time to Government House Jerusalem.

UNTSO has offices in Beirut and Damascus.

Contributing Countries

Countries contributing military resources to UNTSO include, Argentina, Australia,Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), Slovenia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US.

International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers.

29 May has been designated as the "International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers" by the UN. 29 May 2008 being the sixtieth anniversary of United Nations Peacekeeping Forces being deployed.

Evolution of the UNTSO

Following the wars of 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, the functions of the observers changed in the light of changing circumstances, but they remained in the area, acting as go-betweens for the hostile parties and as the means by which isolated incidents could be contained and prevented from escalating into major conflicts.

Before 1949

Resolution 181

Resolutions 42 to 46: calls for cease-fire

Resolution 185: Jerusalem

The Assembly adopted resolution 185 (S-2) of 26 April 1948, asking the Trusteeship Council to study measures for the protection of Jerusalem, its inhabitants and to submit proposals to the General Assembly.

Resolution 186 and 187: Bernadotte appointed

1949 to 1956

Suez Crisis to Six Day War

It should also be noted that not for the first time unarmed service with UNTSO carried its risks. In June 1967 Comdt Thomas Wickham of the Irish Defense Forces was shot dead in Syria.

Six Day War to Yom Kippur War (1967 to 1973)

Yom Kippur to Israel Lebanon War

After the Lebanon War

اليوم

UNTSO personnel have also been available at short notice to form the nucleus of other peacekeeping operations. The availability of UNTSO's military observers for almost immediate deployment after the Security Council had acted to create a new operation has been an enormous contributory factor to the success of those operations.

The military observers are un-armed and they carry out their jobs by observing and reporting violations of the agreements of ceasefire, disengagement etc. that are relevant to their area of operations. All military observers are seasoned officers of the rank of captain or major coming from all branches of service in their respective countries armed forces.

The military observers work in multi-national teams, so that any observations will always be confirmed by at least two observers from different nations, as a measure to ensure impartiality.

وحالياً، تزّود UNTSO بمراقبين عسكريين ثلاث مهام مختلفة للأمم المتحدة لحفظ السلام في المنطقة:

• جماعة المراقبة بلبنان Observer Group Lebanon ‏(OGL)، وتدعم UNIFIL في جنوب لبنان،
• جماعة المراقبة بالجولان Observer Group Golan ‏(OGG) تدعم UNDOF في مرتفعات الجولان
• جماعة المراقبة بمصر Observer Group Egypt ‏(OGE) في شبه جزيرة سيناء.

Commanders (Chief of Staff) of UNTSO

Start Date	End Date	Name	Rank	Country
May 1948	July 1948	Thord Bonde	Colonel	السويد
July 1948	September 1948	Åge Lundström	Major General	السويد
September 1948	June 1953	William E. Riley	Lt. General	الولايات المتحدة
June 1953	September 1954	Vagh Bennike	Major General	الدنمارك
August 1954	November 1956	E.L.M. Burns	Lt. General	كندا
November 1956	March 1958	Byron V. Leary	Colonel	الولايات المتحدة
March 1958	July 1960	Carl von Horn	Lt. General	السويد
July 1960	December 1960	R.W. Rickert	Colonel	الولايات المتحدة
Jan 1961	May 1963	Carl von Horn	Lt. General	السويد
May 1963	July 1970	Odd Bull	Lt. General	النرويج
July 1970	October 1973	Ensio Siilasvuo	Lt. General	فنلندا
October 1973	March 1974	Richard Bunworth	Colonel	أيرلندا
March 1974	August 1975	Bengt Liljestrand	Major General	السويد
September 1975	December 1975	Keith D. Howard	Colonel	أستراليا
January 1976	March 1978	Emmanuel Erskine	Major General	غانا
April 1978	June 1979	William O'Callaghan	Lt. General	أيرلندا
June 1979	January 1980	O. Forsgren	Colonel	السويد
February 1980	February 1981	Erkki R. Kaira	Major General	فنلندا
February 1981	May 1986	Emmanuel Erskine	Major General	غانا
May 1986	June 1987	William O'Callaghan	Lt. General	أيرلندا
June 1987	October 1990	Martin O. Vadset	Lt. General	النرويج
October 1990	October 1992	Hans Christensen	Major General	فنلندا
October 1992	December 1993	Krisna Thapa	Major General	نيپال
December 1993	April 1994	John Fisher	Colonel	نيوزيلندا
April 1994	June 1995	Luc Bujold	Colonel	كندا
June 1995	September 1995	Jaakko Oksanen	Colonel	فنلندا
October 1995	March 1998	Rufus Kupolati	Major General	نيجريا
April 1998	March 2000	Tim Ford	Major General	أستراليا
April 2000	March 2002	Franco Ganguzza	Major General	إيطاليا
March 2002	Sept 2004	Carl Dodd	Major General	أيرلندا
November 2004	November 2006	Clive Lilley	Major General	نيوزيلندا
November 2006	February 2008	Ian Gordon	Major General	أستراليا
February 2008	April 2011	Robert Mood	Major General	النرويج
May 2011	June 2013	Juha Kilpiä	Major General	فنلندا
July 2013	31 July 2015	Michael Finn	Major General	أيرلندا
1 September 2015	-	Dave Gawn	Major General	نيوزيلندا

معجم

• AOL - Area of Limitations
• AOS - Area of Separation
• HKJIMAC - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan/Israel Mixed Armistice Commission
• MAC - Mixed Armistice Commissions
• OGE - Observer Group Egypt
• OGG - Observer Group Golan
• OGG-D - Observer Group Golan - Damascus
• OGG-T - Observer Group Golan - Tiberias
• OGL - Observer Group Lebanon
• UNDOF - United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
• UNEF - United Nations Emergency Force
• UNIFIL - United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
• UNTSO - United Nations Truce Supervision Organization
• UNTSO- LOB {Liaison Office Beirut

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

• Finkelstein, Norman G. (2003). Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict, 2nd ed., New York: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-442-1.
• Paul Berthoud (2008), , worked with UNTSO and offers testimony from the inside.

وصلات خارجية

• المسقط الرسمي

UNTSO: Transfer of computers via Israel normal

• http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2011/Jul-08/UNTSO-Transfer-of-computers-via-Israel-normal.ashx#axzz1jOHPNMe1