اشتراكية ليبرتارية

الاشتراكية الليبرتارية, يشار إليها أيضًا باسم الاشتراكية الأناركية,الاشتراكية الأناركية,اشتراكية عديمة الجنسية وsocialist libertarianism, هي مجموعة من معاداة الاستبداد ، معاداة استعمارية و تحررية الفلسفات السياسية ضمن الحركة الاشتراكية التي ترفض تصور من الاشتراكية كشكل حيث تحتفظ الدولة ب مركزية السيطرة على الاقتصاد.تعتبر الاشتراكية الليبرتارية مرادفًا لـ بناء مجتمع تعاوني والتحررية وينتقد علاقات العمل بأجر داخل مكان العمل, والتأكيد على الإدارة الذاتية للعمال من مكان العمل و الهياكل اللامركزية للتنظيم السياسي.

الاشتراكية التحررية غالباً ما ترفض الدولة نفسهاويؤكد أنه يمكن تحقيق مجتمع قائم على الحرية والعدالة من خلال إلغاء السلطوية المؤسسات التي تسيطر على بعض وسائل الإنتاج وتخضع الأغلبية لطبقة مالكة أوسياسية واقتصادية النخبة. يدافع الاشتراكيون التحرريون عن اللامركزية المبنية على الديمقراطية المباشرة و الفيدرالية أو الكونفدرالية ذات الصلة مثل جمعيات المواطنين ، البلدية الليبرتارية ، النقابات العمالية ومجلس العمال. جميع هذا يتم بشكل عام ضمن دعوة عامة لـ التحررية و | العلاقات الإنسانية الطوعية من خلال تحديد وانتقاد وتفكيك عملي للسلطة غير المشروعة في جميع جوانب الحياة البشرية.على هذا النحو، تسعى الاشتراكية التحررية إلى تمييز نفسها عن جميع من الاستبدادية و الإصلاحية البلشفية / اللينينية و الإصلاحية الفابية/الديمقراطية الاجتماعية. شكل وجناح اشتراكي لـ الليبرالية اليسارية, تضم الفلسفات والحركات السياسية السابقة والحالية التي توصف عادة بأنها اشتراكية تحررية الأناركية خاصة مدارس الفكر الأناركية مثل الأناركية الشيوعية ، الأناركو- النقابيةالأناركية الجماعية ، الأناركية الفردية, المتبادلة والفوضوية الاجتماعية) وكذلك الحكم الذاتي ، | الشيوعية ، الاشتراكية النقابية,libertarian Marxist فلسفات مثل شيوعية المجلس,الشيوعية اليسارية واللوكسمبرجية,المشاركة ، النقابية الثورية وبعض نسخ الاشتراكية الطوباوية.

نظرة عامة

The 17 August 1860 edition of French libertarian communist publication Le Libertaire edited by Joseph Déjacque

الاشتراكية التحررية هي فلسفة غربية لها تفسيرات متنوعة ، على الرغم من وجود بعض القواسم العامة في تجسيداتها الكثيرة. إنه يدعم نظام الإنتاج والتنظيم الموجه نحوالعمال في مكان العمل والذي يغادر في بعض الجوانب بشكل جذري من الاقتصاد الكلاسيكي الجديد لصالح الديمقراطية التعاونية أوالملكية المشهجرة لوسائل الإنتاج (( الاشتراكية)..^[] Tيقترحون تطبيق هذا النظام الاقتصادي بكيفية تحاول تعظيم الحرية للأفراد وتقليل هجريز السلطة أوالسلطة (التحررية).^[] يقترح أتباع تحقيق هذا من خلال اللامركزية للسلطة السياسية والاقتصادية ، وعادة ما تنطوي على التنشئة الاجتماعية لمعظم الممتلكات الخاصة والمؤسسات على نطاق واسع (مع الحفاظ على احترام الملكية الشخصية). تميل الاشتراكية التحررية إلى إنكار شرعية معظم أشكال الملكية الخاصة ذات الأهمية الاقتصادية ، معتبرة علاقة الملكية الرأسمالية كشكل من أشكال الهيمنة التي تتعارض مع الحرية الفردية.

كانت أول مجلة أناركية تستخدم مصطلح التحرري هي "ليبرتاير ، مجلة الحركة الاجتماعية" ، وقد نشرت في مدينة نيويورك بين عامي 1858 و1861 من قبل الفرنسيين الأناركوالشيوعي جوزيف دياك. كان الاستخدام المسجل التالي للمصطلح في أوروبا ، عندما تم استخدام الشيوعية التحررية في مؤتمر أناركي إقليمي فرنسي في لوهافر (16-22 نوفمبر 1880). شهد يناير 1881 بيانًا فرنسيًا صدر حول "الشيوعية التحررية أوالأناركية". أخيرًا ، شهد عام 1895 أناركيين رئيسيين سيباستيان فور ولويز ميشيل ينشران "لا ليبرتير" في فرنسا ". الحدثة تنبع من الفرنسية الحدثة "ليبرتاير" ، التي كانت تستخدم للتهرب من الحظر الفرنسي على المنشورات الأناركية. في هذا التقليد ، يستخدم مصطلح "التحررية" في "الاشتراكية التحررية" عمومًا كمرادف للفوضوية ، والذي يقول البعض إنه المعنى الأصلي للمصطلح ؛ وبالتالي فإن الاشتراكية التحررية تعادل "الأناركية الاشتراكية" لهؤلاء الفهماء.في سياق الحركة الاشتراكية الأوروبية ، استخدم التحرري تقليديا لوصف أولئك الذين عارضوا اشتراكية الدولة مثل ميخائيل باكونين.

إن ارتباط الاشتراكية مع التحررية يسبق ارتباط الرأسمالية ، ولا يزال الكثير من المناهضين للسلطوية ينتقدون ما يرون أنه ارتباط خاطئ بين الرأسمالية والتحررية في الولايات المتحدة. كما نطق نعوم تشومسكي ، يجب حتى يعارض "التحرري الثابت" الملكية الخاصة ووسائل الإنتاج والعبودية في الأجور ، التي تعد مكونًا من مكونات هذا النظام ، بما يتعارض مع مبدأ ضرورة العمل بحرية وتحت سيطرة المنتج ". As a term, socialist anarchism has been used to refer to the anarchist-wing of libertarian socialism, or vis-à-vis authoritarian forms of socialism.

Noam Chomsky is one of the most well-known contemporary libertarian socialist thinkers

في فصل من كتابه "العدالة الاقتصادية والديمقراطية" (2005) الذي يروي تاريخ الاشتراكية التحررية ، يروي الاقتصادي روبن هانل حتى الفترة التي كان للاشتراكية التحررية فيها أكبر تأثير كانت في نهاية القرن التاسع عشر. خلال العقود الأربعة الأولى من القرن العشرين:

”

في أوائل القرن العشرين ، كانت الاشتراكية التحررية قوة قوية مثل الديمقراطية الاجتماعية والشيوعية. تأسست التحررية الدولية - في الكونغرس من سانت Imier بعد أيام قليلة من الانقسام بين الماركسيين والليبراليين في مؤتمر الاشتراكية الدولية الذي عقد في لاهاي عام 1872 - تنافس بنجاح الديمقراطيين الاجتماعيين والشيوعيين على حد سواء من أجل ولاء النشطاء المناهضين للثورة والثوريين والعمال والنقابات والأحزاب السياسية لأكثر من خمسين عامًا. لعب الاشتراكيون التحرريون دورًا رئيسيًا في الثورات الروسية 1905 و 1917. لعب الاشتراكيون التحرريون دورًا مهيمنًا في الثورة المكسيكية لعام 1911. بعد عشرين عامًا من انتهاء الحرب العالمية الأولى ، كان الاشتراكيون التحرريون يتمتعون بالقوة الكافية لقيادة الثورة الاجتماعية التي اجتاحت إسبانيا الجمهورية في عامي 1936 و1937.

“

من ناحية أخرى ، ظهر اتجاه تحرري أيضًا داخل الماركسية التي اكتسبت وضوحًا في أواخر عام 1910 بشكل أساسي في رد العمل ضد البلشفية واللينينية الصعود إلى السلطة وتأسيس الاتحاد السوفيتي.

مناهضة الرأسمالية

يقول جون أونيل:

”

من المهم حتى المدافعين الأوائل عن المجتمع التجاري مثل [آدم] سميث كانوا مهتمين كثيرًا بانتقاد الكتل الترابطية للعمالة المتنقلة التي يمثلها النقابات كما كانوا لأنشطة الدولة. يتضمن تاريخ الفكر الاشتراكي تقليدًا ترابطيًا طويلًا ومعاديًا للدولة قبل النصر السياسي لـ البلشفية في الشرق وأصناف من الفابية في الغرب.

“

الاشتراكيون التحرريون معادون للرأسمالية ويمكن تمييزهم عن يمين التحرريين. في حين حتى المبادئ الرأسمالية واليمينية التحررية هجرز القوة الاقتصادية في أيدي أولئك الذين يمتلكون أكبر قدر من رأس المال ، فإن الاشتراكية التحررية تهدف إلى توزيع السلطة على نطاق أوسع بين أفراد المجتمع. يتمثل الاختلاف الرئيسي بين الاشتراكية التحررية والفلسفات اليمينية التحررية مثل الليبرالية الجديدة في اعتقاد نادىة السابق عمومًا حتى درجة الفرد من الحرية تتأثر بوضعه الاقتصادي والاجتماعي في حين يركز نادىة الأخير على حرية الاختيار داخل إطار رأسمالي ، وتحديداً في ظل الملكية الخاصة الرأسمالية. يتسم هذا أحيانًا بالرغبة في تعظيم الإبداع الحر في مجتمع تفضيله على المشاريع الحرة.

داخل الفوضى ، ظهر نقد عبودية الأجور يشير إلى موقف يُنظر إليه على أنه شبه - عبودية طوعية, حيث يعتمد رزق الشخص على الأجر ، خاصة عندماقد يكون الاعتماد كليًا وفوريًا. إنه مصطلح دلالة سلبية يستخدم لرسم تشابه بين العبودية والعمل المأجور من خلال الهجريز على أوجه التشابه بين امتلاك و تأجير شخص. تم استخدام مصطلح "استعباد الأجور" لانتقاد الاستغلال الاقتصادي والتقسيم الاجتماعي ، مع اعتبار الأول في المقام الأول قوة مساومة غير متكافئة بين العمل ورأس المال (لا سيما عندما يتم دفع أجور منخفضة نسبيا للعمال ، على سبيل المثال في المصانع المستغلة للعمال) والأخير هوعدم وجود الإدارة الذاتية للعمال ، والوفاء باختيارات العمل والترفيه في الاقتصاد. يعتقد الاشتراكيون التحرريون أنه من خلال تقييم الحرية ، يعمل المجتمع على نظام يتمتع فيه الأفراد بالقدرة على تقرير القضايا الاقتصادية إلى جانب القضايا السياسية. يسعى الاشتراكيون التحرريون إلى استبدال السلطة غير المبررة بالديمقراطية المباشرة ، والاتحاد الطوعي والاستقلال الشعبي في جميع جوانب الحياة ،بما في ذلك المجتمعات المادية والمؤسسات الاقتصادية. مع ظهور الثورة الصناعية ، صاغ مفكرون مثل بيير جوزيف برودون وكارل ماركس المقارنة بين العمل المأجور والعبودية في سياق نقد للملكية المجتمعية غير المقصود بها الاستخدام الشخصي النشط. شدد Luddite على اللاإنسانية التي أحدثتها الآلات بينما في وقت لاحق إيما جولدمان استنكرت عبودية الأجور الشهيرة بالقول: "الفرق الوحيد هوأنك استعبدت عبيداً بدلاً من منع العبودية".

يعتقد الكثير من الاشتراكيين التحرريين حتى الجمعيات التطوعية واسعة النطاق يجب حتى تدير الإنتاج الصناعي بينما يحتفظ العمال بحقوقهم في المنتجات الفردية لعملهم.يرون التمييز بين مفاهيم "الملكية الخاصة" و" الملكية الشخصية". "الملكية الخاصة" تمنح الفرد سيطرة حصرية على شيء ما إذا كان قيد الاستخدام أم لا ؛ وبغض النظر عن قدرتها الإنتاجية ، فإن "الحيازة" لا تمنح أي حقوق للأشياء غير المستخدمة. علاوة على ذلك ، " الفصل بين العمل والحياة موضع تساؤل واقترحت البدائل التي تدعمها مفاهيم الكرامة وتحقيق الذات والتحرر من الهيمنة والاستغلال. هنا الحرية التي ليست سلبية بشكل مقيد (كما في المفاهيم الليبرالية الجديدة) ولكن ، أيضا الإيجابية - متصلة ، وجهات النظر حول ازدهار الإنسان - هومهم ، جزءا لا يتجزأ من عميق فهم الحرية ، الذي يربط الحرية بظروفها الاجتماعية والمجتمعية ، والأهم من ذلك ، يرفض فصل مسائل الحرية عن قضايا المساواة ".

معاداة الاستبداد ومعارضة الدولة

ينظر الاشتراكيون التحرريون عمومًا إلى تجمعات السلطة كمصادر للاضطهاد يجب تحديها وتبريرها باستمرار. يعتقد معظم الاشتراكيين التحرريين أنه عندما تُمارس السلطة على النحوالذي تجسده الهيمنة الاقتصادية أوالاجتماعية أوالمادية لشخص ما على الآخر ، فإن عبء الإثبات يقع دائمًا على عاتق الاستبدادي لتبرير تصرفاتهم على أنها شرعية عندما تُؤخذ ضد تأثيرها المتمثل في تضييق النطاق حرية الإنسان. يعارض الاشتراكيون التحرريون عادة هياكل السلطة الصارمة والطبقية ، سواء كانت سياسية ، الاقتصادية ، أوالاجتماعية.

الجذور السياسية

ضمن الفكر الاشتراكي الحديث المبكر

ثورات الفلاحين في عصر ما بعد الإصلاح

ملف:Levellers declaration and standard.gif

Woodcut from a Diggers document by William Everard

بالنسبة لرودريك ت. لونغ ، يدعي الاشتراكيون التحرريون حتى القرن السابع عشر English Levellers من بين أسلافهم الأيديولوجيين..حدد الكثير من المؤلفين الاشتراكيين التحرريين العمل الكتابي للمصلح الاجتماعي الإنجليزي البروتستانتي جيرارد وينستانلي والنشاط الاجتماعي لمجموعته (الحفارون) على أنهم يتسقطون هذا الخط من الفكر. بالنسبة للمؤرخ الأناركي جورج وودكوك ، على الرغم من حتى بيير جوزيف برودون كان أول محرر يصف نفسه بأنه مؤمن بالأناركية ، فقد حدد سلفان على الأقل الأنظمة التي تحتوي على جميع العناصر الأساسية للفوضوية. الأول كان جيرارد وينستانلي (1609 - 1660) ، وهوتاجر أجواخ وكتانيات الذي قاد حركة صغيرة من الحفارين خلال الكومنولث. احتج وينستانلي وأتباعه باسم المسيحية المتطرفة ضد الضائقة الاقتصادية التي أعقبت الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية وضد اللامساواة التي بدا حتى عظماء الجيش النموذجي الجديد عازمون على الحفاظ عليها.

في 1649-1650 ، كان القراصنة يحفرون على امتدادات من الأراضي المشهجرة في جنوب إنجلترا وحاولوا إنشاء مجتمعات قائمة على العمل على الأرض ومشاركة البضائع. لقد فشلت المجتمعات ، ولكن نجت سلسلة من المنشورات التي أعدها وينستانلي ، والذي كان "قانون البر الجديد" (1649) أهمها. فقد دافع عن المسيحية العقلانية ، فعادل وينستانلي المسيح بـ "الحرية الكاملة" وأعرب الطبيعة الفاسدة عالمياً للسلطة. ورأى "امتيازًا متساوياً للمشاركة في نعمة الحرية" واكتشف وجود صلة وثيقة بين مؤسسة الملكية وانعدام الحرية.

نطق موراي بوكشين: "في العالم الحديث ، ظهرت الأناركية أولاً كحركة للفلاحين والعمرانيين ضد تدهور المؤسسات الإقطاعية. في ألمانيا كان أبرز المتحدثين بها أثناء حروب الفلاحين هوتوماس موينزر. المفاهيم التي عقدها موينزر ووينستانلي كانوا متناغمين بشكل رائع مع احتياجات وقتهم - فترة تاريخية عاش فيها غالبية السكان في الريف وعندما اتىت أكثر القوى الثورية المتشددة من عالم زراعي ، سيكون من الأكاديمي حتى يجادلوا فيما إذا كان من الممكن حتى يحقق موزنر ووينستانلي والمثل العليا لها أهمية حقيقية هي أنهم تحدثوا إلى وقتهم ؛ فالمفاهيم الأناركية التي يتبعونها كانت طبيعية من المجتمع الريفي الذي وفر عصابات جيوش الفلاحين في ألمانيا والنموذج الجديد في إنجلترا ".

عصر التنوير

William Godwin

المجلات الاشتراكية التحررية

Ongoing
- Anarcho-Syndicalist Review (United States, 1986–present)
- Freedom newspaper (United Kingdom)
- New Internationalist (United Kingdom)
- Red and Black Notes features Cajo Brendel, Cornelius Castoriadis, Martin Glaberman, CLR James, Larry Gambone and others (Canada, 1997; 2006–present)
- Red & Black Revolution (publication of the Workers Solidarity Movement, Ireland)
- Red Pepper (United Kingdom, 1995–present)
- ROAR Magazine (2010–present)
- Social Anarchism, a Baltimore-based journal (1981–present)
- Socialist Standard (United Kingdom, 1904–present)
- The Libertarian Communist (United Kingdom, 2008–present)
- Workers Solidarity (publication of the Workers Solidarity Movement, Ireland)
- Turnusol (Turkey, 2008)
- Z Magazine (United States, 1987–present)
Discontinued
- Against the Grain (United States, 1976–1978)
- Big Flame (United Kingdom, 1960s–1970s)
- Catamount Tavern News (publication of the Vermont-based Green Mountain Anarchist Collective, 2002–2009)
- Comment: New Perspectives in Libertarian Thought (United States, 1960s, edited by Murray Bookchin)
- The Commune (United Kingdom, 2008–2013)
- Democracy & Nature (United States/United Kingdom) – succeeded by The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy (belongs to the direct democratic, libertarian socialist and autonomy traditions)
- Contemporary Issues-Dinge der Zeit (English and German language magazine for The Movement For a Democracy of Content, 1947–1997; published by Joseph Weber, Murray Bookchin's mentor)
- Flash Point (Canada, 1970s)
- Heatwave (United Kingdom, 1960s)
- Leeds Other Paper (United Kingdom, 1974–1991)
- Libertarian Communism (United Kingdom, 1974–1976)
- Liberty (United States, 1881–1908)
- Mother Earth (United States, 1907–1915)
- Organized Thoughts (United States, 1990s)
- Our Generation (originally Our Generation Against Nuclear War) (Canada, 1961–1994; a historical and theoretical journal)
- Rebelles (Montreal, Quebec, 1990s)
- Root and Branch (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1970–present, featured work of Paul Mattick and others)
- Socialisme ou Barbarie (France)
- Solidarity (United Kingdom, 1960s–1970s)
- Der Sozialist, (Germany, 1900s, co-edited by Gustav Landauer and Margarethe Hardegger)
- Tegen de Stroom (Netherlands, 1990s)
- Zenit (Sweden, 1958–1970; magazine by Syndikalistiska Grupprörelsen)

للاستزادة

Libertarian socialists (category)
Anarchism
Council communism
Democratic socialism
Freiwirtschaft
Green Mountain Anarchist Collective
Left-libertarianism
Libertarianism
Mao-Spontex
Sociocracy
Veganarchism

المراجع

^ Diemer, Ulli (1997). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved أربعة August 2019.
^ Poland, Jefferson; Sloan, Sam, ed. (1968). Sex Marchers. p. 57.
^ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Verso Books.
^ Davidson, John Morrison (1896). Anarchist Socialism vs. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896). W. Reeves.
^ Bakunin, Mikhail. Stateless Socialism: Anarchism. In Maximoff, G. P. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York: The Free Press.
^ Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. An Encyclopedia. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars".
^ "I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". In An Anarchist FAQ. "It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs"
^ Long, Roderick T. (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "Unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."
^ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7.
^ Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociolology. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.
^ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron". In An Anarchist FAQ. "Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state."
^ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron". In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."
^ Long, Roderick T. (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations."
^ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 189. "What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share."
^ Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."
^ Leval, Gaston (1959). "Libertarian socialism: a practical outline". "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion."
^ Hart, David M.; Chartier, Gary; Kenyon, Ross Miller; Long, Roderick T., eds. (2017). Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition. Palgrave. p. 300. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...]."
^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. AK Press. p. 65. ISBN .
^ Roderick T. Long (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle."
^ Ulli Diemer (Summer 1997). "What is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. 2 (1). "What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing."
^ Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Chomsky.info. Retrieved 22 November 2015. Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.
^ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. AshGate. p. 1. "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."
^ "Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations". International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original onخمسة January 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012. "The IAF – IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."
^ Goldman, Emma (1910). "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". In Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."
^ Tucker, Benjamin (1926). . Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."
^ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
^ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". "Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... "Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
^ Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books. p. 106.
^ O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3. "It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west.
^ El-Ojeili, Chamsi (2015). Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. "In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively – as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole 'socialist orthodoxy', composed of both Leninists and social democrats. [... What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian."
^ Sims, Franwa (2006). The Anacostia Diaries As It Is. Lulu Press. p. 160.
^ An Anarchist FAQ. "(Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism."
^ Armand, Émile (1907). "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity". French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"
^ Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist."
^ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. Back cover. "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."
^ "A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?". Archivedتسعة June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 190. "It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy [...]."
^ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."
^ Boraman, Toby (December 2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268. "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."
^ Bookchin, Murray (1992). "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism".
^ Graham, Robert. "The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution".
^ Kropotkin, Peter (1906). The Conquest of Bread. Preface by Bromley, Kent. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. "Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book The Conquest of Bread, considered early French utopian socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti."
^ Brooks 1994, p. 74.
^ Paul, Ellen Frankel et al. Problems of Market Liberalism Cambridge University Press (1998) p. 305.
^ However, libertarian socialism retains respect for personal property.
^ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "150 years of Libertarian".
^ Robert Graham (23 June 2015). . AK Press. p. 8. ISBN .
^ Chomsky, Noam (2004). Language and Politics. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739.
^ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Publishers. p. 40. ISBN .
^ Bookchin, Murray, The Modern Crisis, Black Rose Books (1987), pp. 154–55 ISBN 0-920057-61-6.
^ Chomsky (2003) p. 26.
^ Davidson, John Morrison (1897). Anarchist Socialism v. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896).
^ Turcato, Davide (2012). Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta's Experiments with Revolution.
^ Gale, Cengage Learning (2015). A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students. "Socialist Anarchism".
^ Hahnel, Robin. , Routledge Press, 2005, p. 138 ISBN 0-415-93344-7.
^ John O'Neil. The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics. Routledge. 1998. p. 3
^ Vrousalis (2011) p. 212
^ Chomsky (2003) pp. 30–31
^ Ellerman 1992.
^ نطقب:Cite dictionary
^ نطقب:Cite dictionary
^ Sandel 1996, p. 184
^ "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
^ Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.
^ "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ Harrington, Austin, et al. 'Encyclopedia of Social Theory' Routledge (2006) p. 50
^ Proudhon 1890.
^ Marx 1969, Chapter VII
^ Goldman 2003, p. 283
^ Lindemann, Albert S. 'A History of European Socialism' Yale University Press (1983) p. 160
^ Ely, Richard et al. 'Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth' The Macmillan Company (1914)
^ Chamsy el- Ojeili. Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 12
^ Chomsky (2004) p. 775
^ Ed, Andrew. 'Closing the Iron Cage: The Scientific Management of Work and Leisure' Black Rose Books (1999) p. 116
^ Roderick T. Long. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." Social Philosophy and Policy. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. p. 310
^ "It was in these conditions of class struggle that, among a whole cluster of radical groups such as the Fifth Monarchy Men, the Levellers and the Ranters, there emerged perhaps the first real proto-anarchists, the Diggers, who like the classical 19th-century anarchists identified political and economic power and who believed that a social, rather than political revolution was necessary for the establishment of justice. Gerrard Winstanley, the Diggers' leader, made an identification with the word of God and the principle of reason, an equivalent philosophy to that found in Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You. In fact, it seems likely Tolstoy took much of his own inspiration from Winstanley "Marlow. "Anarchism and Christianity"
^ "While the ideal commonwealth conceived by James Harrington tried to combine the existence of a powerful state with respect for the political rights of the citizens, Thomas Hobbes and Gerrard Winstanley, for opposite reasons, denied the possibility of power being shared between the state and the people...Before defining the government of a true Commonwealth Winstanley denounces the kingly government based on property and like Proudhon he believes that "property is theft". Marie Louise Berneri ""Utopias of the English Revolution"
^ George Woodcock "Anarchism". The Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ Lewis Herber. (Murray Bookchin) "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought". Theanarchistlibrary.org (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ "Anarcho-Syndicalist Review". Anarcho-Syndicalist Review (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-07-30.
^ "Red & Black Notes Index". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2007.CS1 maint: unfit url (link). geocities.com
^ [1] Retrieved on 2017-04-04.
^ Ba?ka Bir Sol Mümkün!. Turnusol.biz. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Périodiques en anglais – CIRA – Lausanne Archived 2007-09-08 at the Wayback Machine.. Anarca-bolo.ch (2011-09-02). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Murray Bookchin"What is Social Ecology?". Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2007.CS1 maint: unfit url (link) communalism.org
^ The Commune – for worker's self-management and communism
^ The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. Inclusivedemocracy.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Murray Bookchin obituary. Times Online (2011-12-21). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Heatwave Magazine – UK, 1960s. libcom.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Leeds other paper Leeds libertarian socialist newspaper. [WorldCat.org]. Worldcatlibraries.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ "Index of /Politics/Organized.Thoughts". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
^ Lessons from the Summit Protest movement. Struggle.ws. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Root And Branch. Webcitation.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Anderson, Paul. (2004-07-27) GAUCHE. Libsoc.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.
^ Gallin, Dan; Horn, Pat (2005). "Organizing Informal Women Workers". Global Labor Institute. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ "Obituary for the Dutch anarchist Karl Kreuger". Web.archive.org. 2008-12-09. Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2013-10-11.

المصادر

Brooks, Frank H. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty. Transaction Publishers.
Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas. Robert Graham, editor.
- Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE to 1939) Black Rose Books, Montréal and London 2005. ISBN 1-55164-250-6.
- Volume Two: The Anarchist Current (1939–2006) Black Rose Books, Montréal 2007. ISBN 978-1-55164-311-3.
Woodcock, George (22 November 2004). . University of Toronto Press. ISBN . Retrieved 28 December 2011.
An Anarchist FAQ by Iain McKay (ed.), Volume 1 (2008), see esp. section: A.1.3 Why is anarchism also called libertarian socialism? [2].
Anarchy: A Graphic Guide, Clifford Harper (Camden Press, 1987): An overview, updating Woodcock's classic, and illustrated throughout by Harper's woodcut-style artwork.
The Anarchist Reader, George Woodcock (ed.) (Fontana/Collins 1977; ISBN 0-00-634011-3): An anthology of writings from anarchist thinkers and activists including Proudhon, Kropotkin, Bakunin, Malatesta, Bookchin, Goldman and many others.
Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. David Goodway. Liverpool University Press. 2006 ISBN 1-84631-025-3.
The Anarchist Turn. Edited by Jacob Blumenfeld, Chiara Bottici and Simon Critchley. Pluto Press. March 19, 2013. ISBN 9780745333427.
by Daniel Guerin. Monthly Review Press. 1970. ISBN 0-85345-175-3.
Anarchy through the times by Max Nettlau. Gordon Press. 1979. ISBN 0-8490-1397-6.
, ed. Sylvere Lotringer & Christian Marazzi. New York: Semiotext(e), 1980, 2007. ISBN 1-58435-053-9, ISBN 978-1-58435-053-8.
(بالفرنسية) L'Autonomie. Le mouvement autonome en France et en Italie, éditions Spartacus 1978.
Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. Charles Masquelier. Bloomsbury Academic. 2014.
Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism by Peter Marshall. PM Press. 2010. ISBN 1-60486-064-2.
Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left by Chamsy el- Ojeili. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015.
People Without Government: An Anthropology of Anarchy (2nd ed.) by Harold Barclay, Left Bank Books, 1990 ISBN 1-871082-16-1.
Pioneers of Anti-Parliamentarism by Guy Aldred. Glasgow: Bakunin Press.
The Political Theory of Anarchism by April Carter. Harper & Row. 1971. ISBN 978-0-06-136050-3.
Sartwell, Crispin (2008). . SUNY Press. ISBN .
Late modernity, individualization and socialism: An Associational Critique of Neoliberalism. Matt Dawson. Palgrave MacMillan. 2013.
Libertarian Socialism: A Better Reconciliation between Equality and Self-Ownership by Vrousalis, Nicholas. Social Theory & Practice 37, 2011.
Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red Edited By Alex Prichard, Ruth Kinna, Saku Pinta and Dave Berry. Palgrave Macmillan, December 2012 ISBN 978-0-230-28037-3.
Libertarianism without Inequality by Otsuka, Michael. Oxford University Press 2003.
Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils (a collection of writings by Gorter, Pannekoek, Pankhurst, and Ruhle). Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-6-8.
The International Communist Current, itself a Left Communist grouping, has produced a series of studies of what it views as its own antecedents. The book on the German-Dutch current, which is by Philippe Bourrinet (who later left the ICC), in particular contains an exhaustive bibliography.
- The Italian Communist Left 1926–1945 ISBN 1897980132.
- The Dutch-German Communist Left ISBN 1899438378.
- The Russian Communist Left, 1918–1930 ISBN 1897980108.
- The British Communist Left, 1914–1945 ISBN 1897980116.
Benjamin Noys (ed). Minor Compositions, Autonomedia. 2011. 1st ed.

روابط خارجية

Media related to اشتراكية ليبرتارية at Wikimedia Commons

نطقب:Anarcho-communism نطقب:Syndicalism

[1] Diemer, Ulli (1997). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved أربعة August 2019.

[2] Poland, Jefferson; Sloan, Sam, ed. (1968). Sex Marchers. p. 57.

[3] McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Verso Books.

[4] Davidson, John Morrison (1896). Anarchist Socialism vs. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896). W. Reeves.

[5] Bakunin, Mikhail. Stateless Socialism: Anarchism. In Maximoff, G. P. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York: The Free Press.

[Miller-6] Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. An Encyclopedia. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars".

[7] "I.1 Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". In An Anarchist FAQ. "It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs"

[8] Long, Roderick T. (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "Unlike other socialists, they tend to see (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."

[9] Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7.

[10] Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociolology. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.

[11] "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron". In An Anarchist FAQ. "Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state."

[:0-12] "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron". In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."

[13] Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."

[14] Long, Roderick T. (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations."

[15] Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 189. "What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share."

[16] Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."

[17] Leval, Gaston (1959). "Libertarian socialism: a practical outline". "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion."

[18] Hart, David M.; Chartier, Gary; Kenyon, Ross Miller; Long, Roderick T., eds. (2017). Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition. Palgrave. p. 300. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...]."

[19] Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. AK Press. p. 65. ISBN .

[20] Roderick T. Long (Summer 1998). "Toward a libertarian theory of class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 305. "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle."

[21] Ulli Diemer (Summer 1997). "What is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. 2 (1). "What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing."

[22] Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Chomsky.info. Retrieved 22 November 2015. Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.

[23] McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. AshGate. p. 1. "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explred in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."

[iaf-ifa.org-24] "Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations". International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original onخمسة January 2012. Retrieved 17 December 2012. "The IAF – IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."

[25] Goldman, Emma (1910). "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". In Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."

[26] Tucker, Benjamin (1926). . Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."

[Ward_1966-27] Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.

[28] Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". "Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... "Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."

[29] Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books. p. 106.

[30] O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3. "It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west.

[31] El-Ojeili, Chamsi (2015). Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. "In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively – as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole 'socialist orthodoxy', composed of both Leninists and social democrats. [... What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian."

[32] Sims, Franwa (2006). The Anacostia Diaries As It Is. Lulu Press. p. 160.

[33] An Anarchist FAQ. "(Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism."

[34] Armand, Émile (1907). "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity". French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"

[35] Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist."

[36] Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. Back cover. "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."

[37] "A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?". Archivedتسعة June 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

[38] Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 190. "It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy [...]."

[39] Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."

[40] Boraman, Toby (December 2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268. "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."

[Bookchin_1992-41] Bookchin, Murray (1992). "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism".

[Graham_2005-42] Graham, Robert. "The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution".

[43] Kropotkin, Peter (1906). The Conquest of Bread. Preface by Bromley, Kent. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. "Kent Bromley, in his preface to Peter Kropotkin's book The Conquest of Bread, considered early French utopian socialist Charles Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti."

[FOOTNOTEBrooks199474-44] Brooks 1994, p. 74.

[45] Paul, Ellen Frankel et al. Problems of Market Liberalism Cambridge University Press (1998) p. 305.

[46] However, libertarian socialism retains respect for personal property.

[theanarchistlibrary-47] The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "150 years of Libertarian".

[Graham2015-48] Robert Graham (23 June 2015). . AK Press. p. 8. ISBN .

[Noam_Chomsky_2004.2C_p._739-49] Chomsky, Noam (2004). Language and Politics. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739.

[50] Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Publishers. p. 40. ISBN .

[51] Bookchin, Murray, The Modern Crisis, Black Rose Books (1987), pp. 154–55 ISBN 0-920057-61-6.

[52] Chomsky (2003) p. 26.

[53] Davidson, John Morrison (1897). Anarchist Socialism v. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896).

[54] Turcato, Davide (2012). Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta's Experiments with Revolution.

[55] Gale, Cengage Learning (2015). A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students. "Socialist Anarchism".

[56] Hahnel, Robin. , Routledge Press, 2005, p. 138 ISBN 0-415-93344-7.

[57] John O'Neil. The Market: Ethics, knowledge and politics. Routledge. 1998. p. 3

[58] Vrousalis (2011) p. 212

[59] Chomsky (2003) pp. 30–31

[60] Ellerman 1992.

[61] نطقب:Cite dictionary

[62] نطقب:Cite dictionary

[63] Sandel 1996, p. 184

[globetrotter.berkeley.edu-64] "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-06-28.

[HB-65] Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.

[spunk.org-66] "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Retrieved 4 March 2013.

[67] Harrington, Austin, et al. 'Encyclopedia of Social Theory' Routledge (2006) p. 50

[68] Proudhon 1890.

[Marx_1863_c7-69] Marx 1969, Chapter VII

[70] Goldman 2003, p. 283

[71] Lindemann, Albert S. 'A History of European Socialism' Yale University Press (1983) p. 160

[72] Ely, Richard et al. 'Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth' The Macmillan Company (1914)

[73] Chamsy el- Ojeili. Beyond post-socialism. Dialogues with the far-left. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 12

[74] Chomsky (2004) p. 775

[75] Ed, Andrew. 'Closing the Iron Cage: The Scientific Management of Work and Leisure' Black Rose Books (1999) p. 116

[Roderick_T_1998._Pg._310-76] Roderick T. Long. "Toward a libertarian theory of class." Social Philosophy and Policy. Volume 15. Issue 02. Summer 1998. p. 310

[77] "It was in these conditions of class struggle that, among a whole cluster of radical groups such as the Fifth Monarchy Men, the Levellers and the Ranters, there emerged perhaps the first real proto-anarchists, the Diggers, who like the classical 19th-century anarchists identified political and economic power and who believed that a social, rather than political revolution was necessary for the establishment of justice. Gerrard Winstanley, the Diggers' leader, made an identification with the word of God and the principle of reason, an equivalent philosophy to that found in Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You. In fact, it seems likely Tolstoy took much of his own inspiration from Winstanley "Marlow. "Anarchism and Christianity"

[78] "While the ideal commonwealth conceived by James Harrington tried to combine the existence of a powerful state with respect for the political rights of the citizens, Thomas Hobbes and Gerrard Winstanley, for opposite reasons, denied the possibility of power being shared between the state and the people...Before defining the government of a true Commonwealth Winstanley denounces the kingly government based on property and like Proudhon he believes that "property is theft". Marie Louise Berneri ""Utopias of the English Revolution"

[theanarchistlibrary1-79] George Woodcock "Anarchism". The Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[80] Lewis Herber. (Murray Bookchin) "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought". Theanarchistlibrary.org (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[81] "Anarcho-Syndicalist Review". Anarcho-Syndicalist Review (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2017-07-30.

[82] "Red & Black Notes Index". Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2007.CS1 maint: unfit url (link). geocities.com

[83] [1] Retrieved on 2017-04-04.

[84] Ba?ka Bir Sol Mümkün!. Turnusol.biz. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[anarca-bolo.ch-85] Périodiques en anglais – CIRA – Lausanne Archived 2007-09-08 at the Wayback Machine.. Anarca-bolo.ch (2011-09-02). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[86] Murray Bookchin"What is Social Ecology?". Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved September 26, 2007.CS1 maint: unfit url (link) communalism.org

[87] The Commune – for worker's self-management and communism

[88] The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy. Inclusivedemocracy.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[89] Murray Bookchin obituary. Times Online (2011-12-21). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[90] Heatwave Magazine – UK, 1960s. libcom.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[91] Leeds other paper Leeds libertarian socialist newspaper. [WorldCat.org]. Worldcatlibraries.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[92] "Index of /Politics/Organized.Thoughts". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-01. Retrieved 2013-10-11.

[93] Lessons from the Summit Protest movement. Struggle.ws. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

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[95] Anderson, Paul. (2004-07-27) GAUCHE. Libsoc.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.

[96] Gallin, Dan; Horn, Pat (2005). "Organizing Informal Women Workers". Global Labor Institute. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

[97] "Obituary for the Dutch anarchist Karl Kreuger". Web.archive.org. 2008-12-09. Archived from the original on 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2013-10-11.

جزء من عن

التيارات الأفريقية • العربية Democratic • Green • Guild Libertarian • Market Revolutionary • Utopian Communism Social anarchism Social democracy Socialist market economy تيتوية
مواضيع وقضايا رئيسية الأنواع التاريخ الاقتصاد الدولة انتقادات
المنظمات والشعوب الأممية الثانية الأممية الرابعة الأممية الاشتراكية International Socialist Organization World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth
البوذية • المسيحية الإسلامية • اليسار اليهودي
مواضيع ذات علاقة فوضوية • Autogestion صراع الطبقات ديكتاتورية الپرولتاريا مساواة • Equality of outcome Impossibilism • الأممية ماركسية • ثورة الپرولتاريا Socialism in One Country نقابة عمال • Utilitarianism

اللاسلطوية
جزء من سلسلة منطقات سياسية عن

مدارس فكرية الرأسماليون Mutualist Individualist Collectivist المسيحيون البوذيون السود الشيوعيون Egoist الوجودية الأنثويون الخضر أناركية معلوماتية Insurrectionary اليساريون الوطنيون الطبيعيون المسالمة Philosophical Platformist مابعد الأناركية Post-colonial Post-left Primitivist المثلي الاجتماعيون النقابيون Synthesist النباتيون بدون صفات
النظرية ممارسات لاسلطوية الصليب الأسود الأناركي Anti-authoritarianism مناهضة العسكرة Affinity group بلاك بلوك Class struggle Communes ديمقراطية الإجماع المستنكف الضميري اللامركزية Deep ecology Direct action Direct democracy Dual power Especifismo Expropriative anarchism Free association Free love Free school Freethought Horizontalidad Illegalism Individualism Individual reclamation Isocracy القانون Participatory politics Permanent autonomous zone Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed رفض العمل ثورة Rewilding مركز اشتراكي فهم البيئة الاشتراكي Social insertion Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary Autonomous Zone Union of egoists
أشخاص وليام گودوين جوزايا وارن پيير-جوزيف پرودون هنري ديڤد ثورو ماكس شترنر ميخائيل باكونين لويس ميشيل پيتر كروپوتكين بنيامين توكر ليوتولستوي يوهان موست إريكومالاتسا إما گولدمان إميل أرمان نستور ماخنو رودولف روكر بويناڤنتورا دوروتي ألكسندر بركمان Ricardo Flores Magón Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Volin Murray Bookchin كولين وارد نعوم تشومسكي ألفردوم. بونانو جون زرزان
قضايا Anarcho-capitalism Crypto-anarchism حقوق الحيوان رأسمالية التعليم جدل الإسلام حقوق المثليين أسلوب الحياة الماركسية القومية اليهودية الأرثوذكسية الدين الحب والجنس العنف
التاريخ كوميون باريس مؤتمر لاهاي مؤتمر روما الدولي محاكمة الثلاثين قضية هاي‌ماركت عيد العمال Anarchist Exclusion Act مؤتمر أمستردام الأسبوع المأسوي High Treason Incident بيان الستة عشر 1919 United States bombings Biennio rosso الثورة الألمانية 1918–1919 الاتحاد السوڤيتي الباڤاري تمرد كرونشتات الثورة الروسية الثالثة Free Territory حادث أماكاسو Escuela Moderna Europe (في فرنسا) الثورة الاسبانية Barcelona May Days Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection May 1968 Provo LIP Kate Sharpley Library Australian Anarchist Centenary Carnival Against Capital 1999 WTO Conference protest
الثقافة أفلام معرض خط أناركي Anarcho-punk Arts Culture jamming DIY culture Freeganism Independent Media Center Infoshop The Internationale لاسلطوية يهودية "Land and liberty" Lifestylism تعليم شعبي "Property is theft!" Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Squatting رمزية مسرد مصطلحات A las Barricadas
الاقتصاد Communization التعاونيات Counter-economics ديمقراطية اقتصادية Economic secession Free store Gift economy Infoanarchism Market abolitionism Mutual aid قتصاد تساهمي Really Really Free Market Wage slavery Workers' self-management
حسب المنطقة أفريقيا الأرجنتين أستراليا البرازيل كندا الصين كوبا الإكوادور إنگلترة فرنسا ألمانيا اليونان الهند مصر آيسلندا إيرلندة إسرائيل إيطاليا اليابان كوريا المكسيك پولندا روسيا إسپانيا السويد هجريا اوكرانيا الولايات المتحدة ڤيتنام
قوائم Anarcho-punk bands تجمعات شخصيات خيالية لاسلطويون يهود موسيقيون منظمات دوريات شعراء المصورون الإباحيون لاسلطويون روس أفلام
موضوعات متعلقة مناهضة الدولة مناهضة الحرب مبدأ عدم الاعتداء Libertarianism ليبرالية كلاسيكية Spontaneous order Anti-corporatism مناهضة الرأسمالية مناهضة الاستهلاكية مناهضة الفاشية مناهضة العولمة Autarchism Autonomism حركة العمل الشيوعية اليسارية في الثورة اشتراكية ليبرالية Situationist International
بوابة لاسلطوية بوابة سياسة

الليبرتارية
جزء من سلسلة السياسة عن
الأصول والتاريخ المدرسة النمساوية مدرسة شيكاغو Classical liberalism Individualist anarchism Liberalism
النظرية والمـُثـُل Counter-economics Dispute resolution organization Economic freedom • Free market Free market environmentalism Free society • Free trade Free will • Freedom of association Freedom of contract Homestead principle Individualism Individualist feminism Laissez-faire Liberty • Limited government Methodological individualism Natural rights Night watchman state Non-aggression Non-interventionism Non-politics • Non-voting Polycentric law • Property Private defense agency Self-governance • Self-ownership Spontaneous order Stateless society Subjective theory of value • Tax resistance Title-transfer theory of contract Voluntary association Voluntary society
المدارس Agorism • Anarcho-capitalism Autarchism • مسيحية ليبرالية كلاسيكية • Consequentalist Conservative • Constitutionalist Crypto-anarchism • Deontological السوق الحرة • Geolibertarianism الخضراء • Individualist anarchism يسار • Minarchist • Mutualist Paleolibertarianism • Panarchist Propertarian • Right-wing Voluntaryism
مواضيع Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism Controversies • نقد حركة ليبرتارية الأحزاب السياسية Theories of law • Views of rights
مواضيع ذات صلة Anti-state • مناهضة الحرب ليبرتارية مدنية Civil societarianism الدستورية جمهورية دستورية Fusionism مسيحية ليبرتارية محافظة ليبرتارية ديمقراطي ليبرتاري جمهوري ليبرتاري اشتراكية ليبرتارية Libertarian transhumanism الحكومة المحدودة ليبرالية السوق Objectivism الحكومة الصغيرة Small-l libertarianism Ultraliberalism
بوابة الليبرتارية بوابة الفلسفة بوابة السياسة

الاشتراكية الليبرالية
جزء من سلسلة منطقات عن
مفاهيم Anti-authoritarianism مناهضة الرأسمالية Anti-consumerism مناهضة اللنينية Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Consensus democracy Common ownership Commons Commune Decentralization Decentralized planning Direct democracy Dual power Class struggle ديمقراطية اشتراكية Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school Free store Mass strike Guilds Libertarian municipalism Mutual aid Phalanstère Prefigurative politics Refusal of work Social center Social enterprise State capitalism Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Use value Wage slavery Workers' control Worker cooperative Workers' council
نماذج Gift economy Communalism Communization Economic democracy Guild socialism Inclusive Democracy Participatory economics Socialization
اشخاص Gerrard Winstanley Charles Fourier Josiah Warren Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Joseph Déjacque Mikhail Bakunin Louise Michel Peter Kropotkin وليام موريس أوسكار وايلد نبجامين توكر Errico Malatesta ليوتولستوي Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Emma Goldman G. D. H. Cole Ricardo Flores Magón Gustav Landauer Rudolf Rocker Antonie Pannekoek Buenaventura Durruti Nestor Makhno Sylvia Pankhurst Paul Mattick Mahatma Gandhi Dorothy Day Herbert Marcuse Cornelius Castoriadis Paul Goodman كولين وارد Chris Pallis Daniel Guérin Murray Bookchin Guy Debord Raoul Vaneigem Abbie Hoffman Antonio Negri Takis Fotopoulos نعوم تشومسكي Gilles Dauvé Michael Albert Subcomandante Marcos
فلسفات اشتراكية أناركية اقتصاد أناركي Anarcho-syndicalism Autonomism Collectivist anarchism Council communism Fourierism Gandhian economics Insurrectionary anarchism ماركسية ليبرالية شيوعية يسارية لوكسمبورگية Magonism Mutualism تشاركية Platformism أناركية اشتراكية فهم البيئة الاجتماعي Situationist International Revolutionary syndicalism Yippies Zapatismo
أحداث بارزة Diggers كميون باريس Haymarket affair Strandzha Commune ثورة فبراير الجمهورية السوڤيتية الباڤرية الثورة الألمانية 1918–1919 Biennio Rosso Free Territory [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviksانتفاضات اليسارs ضد البلولشيڤكيون]] Kronstadt uprising Escuela Moderna الثورة المكسيكية الثورة الإسپانية انتفاضة ألمانيا الشرقية 1953 الثورة المجرية 1956 مايو1968 في فرنسا الشيوعية اليسارية في الصين Autonomia Operaia Zapatista Uprising Argentinazo
موضوعات متعلقة أناركية ليبرالية ليبرالية اليسار ماركسية اشتراكية
بوابة أناركية بوابة اشتراكية بوابة ليبرالية بوابة فلسفة بوابة سياسة