گاڤريلوپرنسيپ
| گاڤريلوپرنسيپ Gavrilo Princip | |
|---|---|
|
گاڤريلوپرنسيپ في زنزانته في حصرن ترزين
| |
| وُلـِد |
25 يوليو1894 أوبياي، البوسنة والهرسك، النمسا-المجر (شرعياً الدولة العثمانية) |
| توفي | 28 أبريل 1918 (عن عمر 23 عاماً) ترزين، بوهيميا، النمسا-المجر |
سبب الوفاة |
السل |
| المثوى |
Vidovdan Heroes Chapel, سراييڤو |
| مبعث الشهرة | اغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند من النمسا، الذي أسهم في اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى |
گاڤريلوپرنسيپ (Gavrilo Princip ؛ سيريلية صربية: Гаврило Принцип؛ تـُنطق [ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsip]؛ 25 يوليو1894 – 28 أبريل 1918) كان عضواً من صرب البوسنة في البوسنة الفتاة التي كانت تسعى إلى إنهاء الحكم النمساوي-المجري في البوسنة والهرسك. وفي عمر التاسعة عشر، قام باغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند من النمسا وزوجة الأرشدوق، صوفي، دوقة هوهن‌برگ، في سراييڤوفي 28 يونيو1914. پرنسيپ وشركاؤه ألقِيَ القبض عليهم وثبت تورطهم كجمعية سرية وطنية، كانت قد بدأت أزمة يوليووأدت إلى اندلاع الحرب العالمية الأولى.
وفي محاكمته، نطق پرنسيپ: "أنا وطني يوغسلاڤي، أهدف لتوحيد جميع اليوغسلاڤ، ولا يهمني شكل الدولة، ولكنها لابد حتى تتحرر من النمسا." حـُكِم على پرنسيپ بالسجن عشرين عاماً، وهي أقصى عقوبة لسنه، وسـُجـِن في حصن ترزين. وقد توفي في 28 أبريل 1918 بالسل الذي فاقمه سوء أحوال السجن التي تسببت قبل وفاته في بتر يده اليمنى.
النشأة
Gavrilo Princip was born in the remote hamlet of أوبلياي، بالقرب من بوسانسكوگراهوڤو, on 25 July [ن.ق. 13 July] 1894. He was the second of his parents' nine children, six of whom died in infancy. Princip's mother Marija wanted to name him after her late brother Špiro, but he was named Gavrilo at the insistence of a local Eastern Orthodox priest, who claimed that naming the sickly infant after the Archangel Gabriel would help him survive.
A Serb family, the Princips had lived in northwestern Bosnia for many centuries and adhered to the Serbian Orthodox Christian faith. Princip's parents, Petar and Marija (née Mićić), were poor farmers who lived off the little land that they owned. They belonged to a class of Christian peasants known as kmeti (serfs), who were often oppressed by their Muslim landlords.
Petar, who insisted on "strict correctness," never drank or swore and was ridiculed by his neighbours as a result. In his youth, he fought in the Herzegovina Uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Following the revolt, he returned to being a farmer in the Grahovo valley, where he worked approximately أربعة أكرs (1.6 ها; 0.0063 ميل2) of land and was forced to give a third of his income to his landlord. In order to supplement his income and feed his family, he resorted to transporting mail and passengers across the mountains between northwestern Bosnia and Dalmatia.
In 1913, while Princip was staying in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary declared a state of emergency, implemented martial law, seized control of all schools, and prohibited all Serb cultural organizations.
اغتيال الأرشدوق فرانتس فرديناند
On 28 June 1914, Princip participated in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie Chotek. The royal couple arrived in Sarajevo by train shortly beforeعشرة a.m. and rode in the third car of a six-car motorcade towards Town Hall. Their car's top was rolled back in order to allow the crowds a good view of its occupants.
إلقاء القبض عليه والمحاكمة
Princip attempted to shoot himself, but the pistol was wrestled from his hand before he had a chance to fire another shot. At his trial, he said he regretted the killing of the Duchess but that he was proud of what he had done and stated that: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be freed from Austria." The Black Hand was implicated in the assassination which led Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum which led up to the outbreak of World War I.
الحبس والوفاة
Princip was chained to a wall in solitary confinement في حصن ترزين، حيث عاش في ظروف قاسية وأصيب بالسل. The disease ate away his bones so badly that his right arm had to be amputated. In January 1916, Princip unsuccessfully attempted to hang himself with a towel. From February to June 1916, Princip met with Martin Pappenheim, a psychiatrist in the Austro-Hungarian army, four times. Pappenheim wrote that Princip believed the World War was bound to happen, independent of his actions, and that he "cannot feel himself responsible for the catastrophe."
Gavrilo Princip died on 28 April 1918, three years and ten months after the assassination. At the time of his death, weakened by malnutrition and disease, he weighed around 40 kiloغرامs (88 رطل; 6 ستون 4 رطل).
Fearing his bones might become relics for Slavic nationalists, Princip's prison guards secretly took the body to an unmarked grave, but a Czech soldier assigned to the burial remembered the location, and in 1920 Princip and the other "Heroes of Vidovdan" were exhumed and brought to Sarajevo, where they were buried together beneath a chapel "built to commemorate for eternity our Serb heroes" at the Saint Archangels Cemetery which includes a citation from the Montenegrin poet Njegoš: "Blessed is he who lives forever. He had something to be born for."
ذكراه
Princip's legacy is still disputed. He is celebrated as a hero by Serbs but regarded as a terrorist by many Bosniaks.
نصب تذكارية وتخليد
انظر أيضاً
- بوگدان جرايتش
المراجع
- ^ Dedijer 1966, p. 341.
- ^ Dedijer 1966, pp. 187–188.
- ^ Fromkin 2007, pp. 121–122.
- ^ Roider 2005, p. 935.
- ^ Fabijančić 2010, p. xxii.
- ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 93.
- ^ Kidner et al. 2013, p. 756.
- ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 95.
- ^ Schlesser 2005, p. 97.
- ^ Burns, Tracy. ". www.private-prague-guide.com/. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ Donnelley 2012, p. 33.
- ^ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Who's Who - Gavrilo Princip". www.firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-08.
- ^ "Man accused of murdering Archduke Ferdinand goes on trial – archive, 1914". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية). 2017-10-17. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on أربعة July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
- ^ Johnson 1989, pp. 52-54.
- ^ "Gavrilo Princip Speaks: 1916 Conversations with Martin Pappenheim | Carl Savich" (in الإنجليزية). 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on أربعة July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةtelegraph - ^ Pappenheim, Martin (1916). "Gavrilo Princip, a participant in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand". The British Library. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
- ^ "101st Anniversary of the Sarajevo Assassination that caused the World War I". Sarajevo Times (in الإنجليزية). June 29, 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
- ^ Pokop.ba. "Sveti Arhangeli Georgije i Gavrilo" (in Bosnian). Archived from the original onخمسة June 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-12.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "GAVRILO PRINCIP – SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE". Meet the Slavs. 29 June 2014. Archived from the original on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ Beasley-Murray, Benjamin (26 June 2014). "Gavrilo Princip's Legacy Still Contested". Institute for War and Peace Reporting (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on أربعة July 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
Bibliography
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- Clark, Christopher (2013). . HarperCollins. ISBN .
- Dedijer, Vladimir (1966). . Simon and Schuster. ASIN B0007DMDI2.
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- Fabijančić, Tony (2010). . Edmonton: University of Alberta. ISBN .
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- Glenny, Misha (2012). (revised ed.). Penguin. ISBN .
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- Kidner, Frank; Bucur, Maria; Mathisen, Ralph; McKee, Sally; Weeks, Theodore (2013). . 2 (2th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth Cengage. ISBN .
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- Remak, Joachim (1959). . Criterion. ASIN B001L4NB5U.
- Roider, Karl (2005). "Princip, Gavrilo (1894–1918)". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (eds.). . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
- Schlesser, Steven (2005). . Seattle: Cune Press. ISBN .
- Stokesbury, James (1981). . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN .
للاستزادة
- Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN .CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Brescia, Anthony M (1965). .
- Butcher, Tim (2014). The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin who Brought the World to War. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN .
- Ljubibratić, Dragoslav (1959). . Nolit.
- Savary, Michèle (2004). . L'AGE D'HOMME. ISBN .
- Villiers, Peter (2010). . Unknown Publisher. ISBN .
- Wolfson, Robert; Laver, John (2001-12-30). Years of Change, European History 1890–1990 (3 ed.). Hodder Murray. p. 117. ISBN .
- Wien: Lechner und Son. 1926.
وصلات خارجية
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons:خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|خطأ لوا في وحدة:WikidataIB على السطر 496: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).]]. |
- Gavrilo Princip's statement during trial
- Prison interview with Gavrilo Princip
نطقب:Young Bosnia
