فوژو
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فوژو (هوكتشو في لغة فوتشوالمحلية وفوژو في صينية الماندرين)، alternately romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong (lit. Eastern Fujian) linguistic and cultural area.
ويبلغ عدد سكانها 1,395,739 نسمة. تقع المدينة على نهر مين على بعد حوالي 50 كم من مَصَبِّ النهر. وفوژوأحد مراكز تجارة الشاي والكافور. في عام 1842م أصبحت ميناء المعاهدة التي كسبت فيها بريطانيا حقوقاً تجارية خاصَّة. وفقدت فوژوأهميتها بوصفها مركزاً تجارياً في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر، واحتلت القوات اليابانية المدينة عدة مرات خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية (1939 – 1945م). فوژوشهيرة بسلعها المطلية بطلاء اللك الرائع، وتضم منتجات المدينة أيضًا المواد الكيميائية الصناعية والمنتجات الإلكترونية.
History
Pre-Qin history (before 221 BC)
The remains of two Neolithic cultures—the Huqiutou Culture (虎丘頭文化), from around 5000 BC, and the Tanshi Mountain Culture (曇石山文化), from around 3000 BC—have been discovered and excavated in the Fuzhou area. During the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BC), Chinese began referring to the modern Fujian area as Min Yue (閩越), suggesting that the native inhabitants of the area were a branch of the Yue peoples, a diverse population of non-Chinese tribes who once inhabited most of southern China. In 306 BC, the Yue Kingdom (present-day Zhejiang) fell to the state of Chu. Han Dynasty historian Sima Qian wrote that the surviving members of the Yue royal family fled south to what is now Fujian, where they settled alongside the native Yue people, joining Chinese and Yue culture to create Minyue. Their major centre was not at Fuzhou's modern location, but further up the Min watershed near Wuyishan City.
Qin and Han dynasties (221 BC–AD 206)
The First Emperor of Qin unified ancient China in 221 BC and desired to bring the southern and southeast regions under Chinese rule. The Qin dynasty organized its territory into "Commanderies" (بالصينية: 郡; پن‌ين: jùn)—roughly equivalent to a province or prefecture—and the Fujian area was organized as Minzhong Commandery (閩中郡). The area seems to have continued mostly independent of Chinese control for the next century. The Han dynasty followed the short-lived Qin, and Emperor Gaozu of Han declared both Minyue and neighboring Nanyue to be autonomous vassal kingdoms. In 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed a leader named Wuzhu (無諸; Old Chinese: Matya) as King of Minyue, and a walled city called Ye (冶; Old Chinese: Lya; literally: Beautiful) was built. The founding of Ye in 202 BC has become the traditional founding date of the city of Fuzhou.
In 110 BC, the armies of Emperor Wu of Han defeated the Minyue kingdom's armies during the Han–Minyue War and annexed its territory and people into China. Many Minyue citizens were forcibly relocated into the Jianghuai area, and the Yue ethnic group was mostly assimilated into the Chinese, causing a sharp decline in Ye's inhabitants. The area was eventually re-organized as a county in 85 BC.
Three Kingdoms to Sui dynasty (200–618)
During the Three Kingdoms Period, southeast China was nominally under the control of Eastern Wu, and the Fuzhou area had a shipyard for the coastal and Yangtze River fleets. In 282, during the Jin dynasty, two artificial lakes known simply as the East Lake and West Lake were constructed in Ye, as well as a canal system. The core of modern Fuzhou grew around these three water systems, though the East and West Lakes no longer exist. In 308, during the War of the Eight Princes at the end of the Jin dynasty, the first large-scale migration of Chinese immigrants moved to the south and southeast of China began, followed by subsequent waves during later periods of warfare or natural disaster in the Chinese heartland. The administrative and economic center of the Fujian area began to shift to the Ye area during the Sui dynasty (581–618).
Tang to the ten kingdoms era (618–960)
In 725, the city was formally renamed "Fuzhou". Throughout the mid-Tang dynasty, Fuzhou's economic and cultural institutions grew and developed. The later years of the Tang saw a number of political upheavals in the Chinese heartland such as the An Lushan Rebellion and Huang Chao Rebellion, prompting another wave of northerners to immigrate to the modern-day Northern Min and Eastern Min areas. In 879, a large part of the city was captured by the army of Huang Chao during their rebellion against the Tang government. In 893, the warlord brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi captured Fuzhou in a rebellion against the Tang dynasty, successfully gaining control of the entire Fujian Province and eventually proclaiming their founding of an independent kingdom they called the Min Kingdom in 909. The Wang brothers enticed more immigrants from the north, though their kingdom only survived until 945. In 978, Fuzhou was incorporated into the newly founded Song dynasty, though their control of the mountainous regions was tenuous.
Fuzhou prospered during the Tang dynasty. Buddhism was quickly adopted by the citizens who quickly built many Buddhist temples in the area.
Song era (960–1279)
Fuzhou underwent a major dramatic surge in its refined culture and educational institutions throughout the Song Dynasty as Fuzhou producedعشرة Fuzhounese zhuangyuan scholars (scholar who is ranked the top first place in the imperial examinations zh:状元), a large number for a small city in the country during that dynasty.
The Hualin Temple (華林寺, not to be confused with the temple of the same name in Guangzhou), founded in 964, is one of the oldest surviving wooden structures in China. New city walls were built in 282, 901, 905, and 974, so the city had many layers of walls – more so than the Chinese capital. Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty ordered the destruction of all the walls in Fuzhou in 978 but new walls were rebuilt later. The latest was built in 1371. During the Southern Song dynasty, Fuzhou became more prosperous; many scholars came to live and work. Among them were Zhu Xi, the most celebrated Chinese philosopher after Confucius, and Xin Qiji, the greatest composer of the ci form of poetry.
Marco Polo, an Italian guest of the Emperor Kubilai, transcribed, after the conventions of Italian orthography, the place name as Fugiu. This was not the local Min pronunciation but that of the mandarin administrative class.
According to Odoric of Pordenone, Fuzhou had the biggest chickens in the world.
Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Between 1405 and 1433, a fleet of the Ming Imperial navy under Admiral Zheng He sailed from Fuzhou to the Indian Ocean seven times; on three occasions the fleet landed on the east coast of Africa. Before the last sailing, Zheng erected a stele dedicated to the goddess Tian-Fei (Matsu) near the seaport.
The Ming government gave a monopoly over Philippine trade to Fuzhou, which at times was shared with Quanzhou.
Galeote Pereira, a Portuguese soldier and trader, was taken prisoner during the pirate extermination campaign of 1549 and imprisoned in Fuzhou. Later transferred to a form of internal exile elsewhere in the province, Pereira escaped to Langbaijiao in 1553. The record of his experiences in the Ming Empire, logged by the Jesuits at Goa in 1561, was the first non-clerical account of China to reach the West since Marco Polo.
The Ryukyu Kingdom established an embassy in Fuzhou.
Qing dynasty (1644-1912)
In 1839, Lin Zexu, who himself was a Fuzhou native, was appointed by the Daoguang Emperor to enforce the imperial ban on the opium trade in Canton. His unsuccessful actions, however, precipitated the disastrous First Opium War with Great Britain, and Lin, who had become a scapegoat for China's failure in war, was exiled to the northwestern section of the empire. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), which put an end to the conflict, made Fuzhou (then known to Westerners as Foochow) one of five Chinese treaty ports, and it became completely open to Western merchants and missionaries.
Fuzhou was one of the most important Protestant mission fields in China. On January 2, 1846, the first Protestant missionary, Rev. Stephen Johnson (missionary) from ABCFM (美國公理會差會), entered the city and soon set up the first missionary station there. ABCFM was followed by the Methodist Episcopal Missionary Society that was led by Revs. M. C. White and J. D. Collins, who reached Fuzhou in early September 1847. The Church Missionary Society also arrived in the city in May 1850. These three Protestant agencies remained in Fuzhou until the communist revolution in China in the 1950s, leaving a rich heritage in Fuzhou's Protestant culture. They supported the creation of hospitals and schools, including the Woolston Memorial Hospital, run by the American-trained Hü King Eng.
On August 23, 1884, the Battle of Fuzhou broke out between the French Far East Fleet and the Fujian Fleet of the Qing dynasty. As the result, the Fujian Fleet, one of the four Chinese regional fleets, was destroyed completely in Mawei Harbor.[]
Republic of China
On November 8, 1911, revolutionaries staged an uprising in Fuzhou. After an overnight street battle, the Qing army surrendered.[]
Revolutionary Republic
On November 22, 1933, Eugene Chen and the leaders of the National Revolutionary Army's 19th Army set up the short-lived People's Revolutionary Government of Republican China. Blockaded by Chiang Kai-shek and left without support from the nearby Soviet Republic of China, the PRGRC collapsed within two months.
Japanese occupation
With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, hostilities commenced in Fujian Province. Xiamen (Amoy) fell to a Japanese landing force on May 13, 1938. The fall of Amoy instantly threatened the security of Fuzhou. On May 23, Japanese ships bombarded Mei-Hua, Huang-chi and Pei-Chiao while Japanese planes continued to harass the Chinese forces. Between May 31 and June 1, Chinese gunboats Fu-Ning, Chen-Ning and Suming defending the blockade line in the estuary of the Min River were successively bombed and sunk. Meanwhile, the Chinese ship Chu-Tai berthed at Nan-Tai was damaged. The Chinese Navy's Harbor Command School, barracks, shipyard, hospital and marine barracks at Ma-Wei were successively bombed. Fuzhou is recorded as having fallen to Japanese forces in 1938.
The extent of Japanese command and control of the city of Fuzhou itself as opposed to the port at Mawei and the Min River Estuary is uncertain. By 1941 (date unknown), the city is recorded as having returned to Nationalist control. The British Consulate in Fuzhou is noted as operational from 1941–1944 after the United Kingdom Declaration of War on Japan in December 1941. Western visitors to Fuzhou in the period 1941–1944 include the Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett in 1942. and the British scientist Dr Joseph Needham in May 1944. Both visitors record the presence of a British Consul and a Fuzhou Club comprising western businessmen.
In The Man Who Loved China: The Fantastic Story of the Eccentric Scientist Who Unlocked the Mysteries of the Middle Kingdom, author Simon Winchester relates the visit of Dr Needham in 1944. Needham encountered the American government agent (John Caldwell) and the British SIS agent (Murray MacLehose working undercover as the British Vice-Consul in Fuzhou) involved in aid to the Nationalist resistance to Japanese forces in Fujian Province.
As part of Operation Ichi-Go (1944), the last large-scale Japanese offensive in China in World War 2, the Japanese intended to isolate Fuzhou and the Fujian Province corridor to Nationalist forces in western China and the wartime capital of Chongqing. One account of the Japanese re-taking of Fuzhou city itself is narrated by American naval officer, Houghton Freeman. The date is given as October 5, 1944.
Fuzhou remained under Japanese control until the surrender of Japan and its armed forces in China in September 1945.
Following the restitution of Republic control (1946), the administration divisions of Fuzhou were annexed, and administration level was promoted from county-level to city-level officially.
People's Republic of China
Fuzhou was occupied by People's Liberation Army with little resistance on 17 August 1949.
In the 1950s, the city was on the front line of the conflict with KMT in Taiwan, as hostile KMT aircraft frequently bombed the city. The bombing on 20 January 1955 was the most serious one, killing hundreds of people.
Fuzhou was also involved in violent mass chaos during the Cultural revolution. Different groups of Red Guards fought with each other using guns on the streets of the city, and even attacking the People's Liberation Army.
Under the reform and opening policy since the late 1970s, Fuzhou has developed rapidly. In 1982, Fuzhou became the first city in China where the stored program control was introduced, which marked a milestone in the history of telecommunications in China. In 1984, Fuzhou was chosen as one of the first branches of Open Coastal Cities by the Central Government.
On December 13, 1993, a raging fire swept through a textile factory in Fuzhou and claimed the lives of 60 workers.
On October 2, 2005, floodwaters from Typhoon Longwang swept away a military school, killing at least 80 paramilitary officers.
Geography
This section requires expansion. (May 2013)
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Fuzhou is located in the northeast coast of Fujian province, connects jointly northwards with Ningde and Nanping, southwards with Quanzhou and Putian, westwards with Sanming respectively.
Climate
Fuzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) influenced by the East Asian Monsoon; the summers are long, very hot and humid, and the winters are short, mild and dry. In most years, torrential rain occurs during the monsoon in the second half of May. Fuzhou is also liable to typhoons in late summer and early autumn. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 10.9 °م (51.6 °ف) in January to 28.9 °م (84.0 °ف) in July, while the annual mean is 19.84 °م (67.7 °ف). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 24 percent in March to 54 percent in July, the city receives 1,607 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.9 °م (29 °ف) on 25 January 2016 to 41.7 °م (107 °ف) on 26 July 2003.
| بيانات مناخ Fuzhou (1981–2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 23.6 (74.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
30.3 (86.5) |
36.2 (97.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
39.1 (102.4) |
41.7 (107.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
39.3 (102.7) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
41٫7 (107٫1) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 15.8 (60.4) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.9 (75) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.9 (87.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
27.0 (80.6) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
25٫1 (77٫18) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 11.4 (52.5) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.3 (57.7) |
18.9 (66) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
22.7 (72.9) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
20٫48 (68٫86) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
25.9 (78.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
15.5 (59.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
17٫44 (63٫4) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
18.9 (66) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
12.2 (54) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
-1٫9 |
| هطول mm (inches) | 49.9 (1.965) |
84.9 (3.343) |
141.5 (5.571) |
154.4 (6.079) |
187.8 (7.394) |
202.0 (7.953) |
123.0 (4.843) |
169.4 (6.669) |
156.4 (6.157) |
47.6 (1.874) |
40.9 (1.61) |
34.0 (1.339) |
1٬391٫8 (54٫795) |
| % Humidity | 72 | 75 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 79 | 74 | 75 | 72 | 67 | 68 | 70 | 73٫4 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.7 | 14.4 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 18.2 | 15.9 | 10.4 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 149٫0 |
| Sunshine hours | 101.6 | 79.2 | 89.1 | 111.0 | 114.4 | 141.9 | 225.6 | 199.2 | 153.7 | 144.2 | 120.3 | 126.9 | 1٬607٫1 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, sunshine data 1971–2000), | |||||||||||||
الديانة
الديانتان التقليديتان الشائعتان في فوژوهما بوذية ماهايانا والطاوية. وتقليدياً، فإن الكثير من الناس يمارسون كلا الديانتين في آن واحد. المدينة هي أيضاً معقل للعديد من الأديرة البوذية والمعابد الطاوية والرهبان البوذيين.
الإسلام والمسيحية يمارسان هنا أيضاً ولكن على نطاق أصغر.
وعدا الديانات واسعة الانتشار، فإن عدداً من أماكن العبادة للعديد من الديانات المحلية ، توجد في شوارع وحارات فوژو.
ويمكن تعقب أصول الديانات المحلية إلى عدة قرون خلت. فتلك الديانات المتنوعة تتضمن عناصر مثل الآلهة والشرائع من ديانات وثقافات أخرى، مثل عبادة الطوطم والأساطير التقليدية. عملى سبيل المثال، الملك القرد، تنحدر من عبادة القرد بين القدماء المحليين، بالتدريج أصبح يجسد إله الثروة في فوژوبعد صدور سيرة الرحلة إلى الغرب في أسرة مينگ.
الجنسان في فوژو
يشتهر الرجال في فوژوبالخنوع واتباعهم النساء.
الأقسام الادارية
| Subdivision | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuzhou City Proper | Fuzhou Suburban and Rural | |||||
| ■ Gulou-qu | 鼓楼区 | Gū-làu | ■ Fuqing-shi | 福清市 | Hók-chiăng | |
| ■ Taijiang-qu | 台江区 | Dài-gĕ̤ng | ■ Changle-shi | 长乐市 | Diòng-lŏ̤h | |
| ■ Cangshan-qu | 仓山区 | Chŏng-săng | ■ Minqing-xian | 闽清县 | Mìng-âu | |
| ■ Mawei-qu | 马尾区 | Mā-muōi | ■ Minhou-xian | 闽侯县 | Mìng-chiăng | |
| ■ Jin'an-qu | 晋安区 | Céng-ăng | ■ Yongtai-xian | 永泰县 | Īng-tái | |
| ■ Lianjiang-xian | 连江县 | Lièng-gŏng | ||||
| ■ Luoyuan-xian | 罗源县 | Lò̤-nguòng | ||||
| ■ Pingtan-xian | 平潭县 | Bìng-tàng | ||||
| Location | Area（km²） | Resident population | Registered Population |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuzhou | 12,153.31 | 6,760,000 | 6,303,043 |
| - Gulou District | 36.60 | 584,531 | |
| - Taijiang District | 18.28 | 325,172 | |
| - Cangshan District | 139.41 | 456,531 | |
| - Mawei District | 254.33 | 164,163 | |
| - Jinan District | 566.45 | 328,806 | |
| Minhou County | 2,133.03 | 560,000 | 645,195 |
| Lianjiang County | 1,190.67 | 550,000 | 613,354 |
| Louyuan County | 1,081.17 | 200,000 | 254,111 |
| Minqing County | 1,468.90 | 240,000 | 301,334 |
| Yongtai County | 2,243.41 | 270,000 | 352,854 |
| Pingtan County | 371.09 | 350,000 | 380,721 |
| Fuqing City | 1,932.43 | 1,190,000 | 1,231,288 |
| Changle City | 717.54 | 670,000 | 664,983 |
الجغرافيا والمناخ
| متوسطات الطقس لفوژو | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| شهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | السنة |
| متوسط العظمى °م (°ف) | 15.2 (59) | 15.2 (59) | 18.1 (65) | 23.2 (74) | 26.7 (80) | 30.5 (87) | 34.1 (93) | 33.3 (92) | 30.2 (86) | 26.4 (80) | 22.0 (72) | 17.7 (64) | 24٫4 (76) |
| متوسط الصغرى °م (°ف) | 8.2 (47) | 8.3 (47) | 10.6 (51) | 15.0 (59) | 19.2 (67) | 23.0 (73) | 25.5 (78) | 25.1 (77) | 23.0 (73) | 19.3 (67) | 14.8 (59) | 10.1 (50) | 16٫8 (62) |
| هطول الأمطار mm (بوصة) | 48.0 (1.9) | 86.6 (3.4) | 145.4 (5.7) | 166.5 (6.6) | 193.7 (7.6) | 208.9 (8.2) | 98.8 (3.9) | 179.7 (7.1) | 145.0 (5.7) | 47.6 (1.9) | 41.3 (1.6) | 32.0 (1.3) | 1٬393٫6 (54٫9) |
| المصدر: China Meteorological Administration 2009-03-30 | |||||||||||||
معرض صور
Black Pagoda (乌塔)
Flower Lane Church (花巷堂)
Confucian Temple (文庙)
Hualin Temple (华林寺)
Jinshan Temple (金山寺)
Mawei Harbor, old battlefield of Battle of Foochow
Pagoda Anchorage (罗星塔)
Puqian Church (铺前堂)
Three Lanes & Seven Alleys (三坊七巷)
White Pagoda (白塔)
Yinfeng Temple (隐峰寺) in Luoyuan County
Zhenhai Tower (镇海楼)
البلدات التوأم - المدن الشقيقة
Fuzhou is twinned with the following cities:
| Country | City | County/District/Region/State | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| اليابان | ناگاساكي | ناگاساكي | October 20, 1980 |
| اليابان | ناها | اوكيناوا | May 20, 1981 |
| الولايات المتحدة | سيراكيوز | نيويورك | August 25, 1991 |
| الولايات المتحدة | Tacoma | Washington | November 16, 1994 |
| البرازيل | كامپيناس | ساوپاولو | November 8, 1996 |
| أستراليا | Shoalhaven | جنوب غرب ويلز | October 15, 2003 |
| گويانا | Georgetown | Demerara-Mahaica | May 17, 2006 |
| پولندا | Koszalin | West Pomeranian Voivodeship | May 19, 2007 |
| كنيا | ممباسة | Coast Province | May 19, 2008 |
تبادلات صداقة مع المدن التالية:
| Country | City | County/District/Region/State | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| كوريا الجنوبية | Pyeongtaek | Gyeonggi-do | August 26, 2002 |
| كوريا الجنوبية | Gwangyang | Jeollanam-do | Sep 3, 2009 |
انظر أيضاً
- فوژو(شعب)
- فوژو(لهجة)
- Min Dong language
- List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
- معركة فوژو
- سيبو
الهامش
- ^ Cox, W (2018). (PDF). St. Louis: Demographia. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةGDP - ^ Cox, W (2018). (PDF). St. Louis: Demographia. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- ^ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Archived from the original on 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
- ^ Xu Xiaowang (徐曉望), 2006. Fujian Tong Shi 福建通史, Fujian People's Publishing 福建人民出版社.
- ^ Records of the Grand Historian, Yue Wang Goujian Shijia 越王勾踐世家.
- ^ Yu 1986, p. 456.
- ^ Yule 2002, p. 124.
-
^ Jacques Gernet (1996). (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 420. ISBN . Archived from the original on أربعة June 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Foochow was reserved for trade with the Philippines (a similar role had been assumed by Ch'iian- chou between 1368 and 1374 and again after 1403 in the Yung-le era)
- ^ Spence, Jonathan D., The Chan's Great Continent: China in Western Minds, 1999, W.W.Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31989-7, pp.20–21
- ^ "Treaty of Nanjing 1842 (original text)". US-China Institute. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
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- ^ "Friendly Exchange Cities Gwangyang 福州市与平光阳市于2002年8月26日结为友好交流城市". the official website of the Fuzhou city. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:Fuzhou
| Fuzhou ]]. |
- Fuzhou Government website
- An early history of Fujian and Fuzhou
- فوژو travel guide from Wikitravel
- Maritime Art - On the River Min
- Fuzhou Daily,a local newspaper
Coordinates: {{#coordinates: : لا يمكن حتىقد يكون هناك أكثر من وسم أساسي واحد لكل صفحة نطقب:Fujian
