منظمة غير حكومية non-governmental organization واختصارها (NGO) هي منظمة ذات مصلحة عامة وهي لا تخضع لحكومة ولا لمؤسسة دولية. ولا يمنع ذلك حتى تتعاون أوتتلقى مساعدات وتمويلات من الحكومات. ولكنها تأسست وتنشط دون رقابة من الحكومات الوطنية.

وقد جرت العادة حتى تطلق هذه العبارة على الأشخاص المعنويين (مجموعات ذات شخصية قانونية) ممن لا تكون أهدافهم ربحية، يمولون في الأغلب من أرصدة خاصة. ولهذه المنظمات خصائص:

• الأصل الخاص لتأسيسها ؛
• الهدف غير الربحي لنشاطها ؛
• الاستقلالية المالية ؛
• ذات مصلحة عامة.

تحرص المنظمات غير الحكومية على استقلاليتها ليس إزاء الحكومات فقط وإنما إزاء القطاع الخاص التقليدي، وعلى الارتباط بالمجتمع المدني.

يمكن للمنظمات غير الحكومية حتىقد يكون تدخلها على المستوى الدولي، رغم حتى العلاقات القانونية الدولية تتم في العادة بين الدول أوالحكومات. وفي هذه الحالة فنحن إزاء منظمات غير حكومية دولية وتسمى أيضا جمعيات أومنظمات التضامن الدولي (ASI). والمنظمات غير الحكومية تكون لها فروع في عدة دول.

في ظل العولمة الحالية غير المتوازنة، أصبحت المنظمات غير الحكومية الدولية بما لها من مبادئ أخلاقية وإنسانية ضرورية لوضع الضوابط الأخلاقية للعولمة. وبالعمل فقد أدت بعد دورا هاما حيث تمكنت من إقناع الكثير من الدول بمدى خطورة استراتيجيات الشركات العابرة للقارات، ولا شك حتى دورها سيتعاظم مع العجز على إصلاح المنظمات الحكومية الدولية مثل الأمم المتحدة التي تتصف بالبيروقراطية أوتلك التي تسير طبقا لمصالح بعض الدول النافذة مثل صندوق النقد الدولي والبنك الدولي والمنظمة العالمية للتجارة.

عدد المنظمات غير الحكومية التي تعمل على نطاق عالمي يقدر عددها بنحو40,000. عدد المنظمات غير الحكومية العاملة على نطاق محلي في روسيا وحدها يقدر بحوالي 277,000 منظمة، بينما الهند لديها 1-2 مليون منظمة غير حكومية تعمل على نطاق محلي.

أنواع المنظمات غير الحكومية

نوع المنظمة غير الحكومية يمكن فهمه حسب التوجه ومستوى التعاون.

نوع المنظمة غير الحكومية حسب التوجه

• التوجه الخيري;
• التوجه الخدمي;
• التوجه التشاركي;
• التوجه التمكيني;

نوع المنظمة غير الحكومية حسب مستوى التعاون

• Community- Based Organisation;
• City Wide Organisation;
• National NGOs;
• International NGOs;

Apart from "NGO", often alternative terms are used as for example: independent sector, volunteer sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social movement organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help organizations and non-state actors (NSA's).

Non-governmental organizations are a heterogeneous group. A long list of acronyms has developed around the term "NGO".

ويضموا:

• BINGO, short for business-friendly international NGO or big international NGO;
• CITS, helping scientific community by motivating young talent towards research & development
• CSO, short for civil society organization;
• DONGO: Donor Organized NGO;
• ENGO: short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF
• GONGOs are government-operated NGOs, which may have been set up by governments to look like NGOs in order to qualify for outside aid or promote the interests of the government in question;
• INGO stands for international NGO; Oxfam is an international NGO;
• QUANGOs are quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not purely an NGO, since its membership is by nation, and each nation is represented by what the ISO Council determines to be the 'most broadly representative' standardization body of a nation. That body might itself be a nongovernmental organization; for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the American National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies; this is the trend in Europe.)
• TANGO: short for technical assistance NGO;
• GSO: Grassroots Support Organization
• MANGO: short for market advocacy NGO
• CHARDS:Community Health and Rural Development Society

انظر أيضاً

الهامش والمصادر

للاستزادة

• Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomusa Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom Church Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 Churchland.co.za
• Olivier Berthoud, NGOs: Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity Envio.org.ni, PDF Edinter.net Envio, Managua, 2001
• Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003: Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid, Oxford: James Currey
• Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and Dissemination of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN 3-598-22030-8
• Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and agricultural research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6: 1-8. IRRI.org
• Ann Florini, ed. The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Japan Center for International Exchange, 2001).
• Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press
• Rodney Bruce Hall, and Biersteker, Thomas. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2003)
• Dorthea Hilhorst, The Real World of NGOs: Discourses, Diversity and Development, Zed Books, 2003
• Joan Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003).
• Ian Smillie, & Minear, Larry, editors. The Charity of Nations: Humanitarian Action in a Calculating World, Kumarian Press, 2004
• Simon Maxwell and Diane Stone. (eds) Global Knowledge Networks and International Development: Bridges Across Boundaries (Routledge, 2005: I-xix; 1-192).
• Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, New York :Cambridge University Press, 2005
• Thomas Ward, editor. Development, Social Justice, and Civil Society: An Introduction to the Political Economy of NGOs, Paragon House, 2005
• H. Teegen, 2003. ‘International NGOs as Global Institutions: Using Social Capital to Impact Multinational Enterprises and Governments’, Journal of International Management.
• Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Stephen C. Smith, and Hildy Teegen, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals: Citizen Action to Reduce Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
• S.Goonatilake. Recolonisation: Foreign Funded NGO's in Sri Lanka, Sage Publications 2006.
• Teegen, H. Doh, J., Vachani, S., 2004. “The importance of nongovernmental organisation in global governance and value creation: an international business research agenda“ in Journal of International Business Studies. Washington: Vol. 35, Iss.6.
• K. Rodman, (1998)."‘Think Globally, Punish Locally: Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions" in Ethics in International Affairs, vol. 12.
• Grant B. Stillman (2006), NGO Law and Governance: a resource book, ADB Institute, Tokyo, ISBN 4-89974-013-1.

More useful are regional histories and analyses of the experience of NGOs. Specific works (although this is by no means an exhaustive list) include:

• T. R. Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism: The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars, Brill, 2007. ISBN 3-598-22030-8
• H. Englund, Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights & the Africa Poor, University of California Press, 2006
• Carrie Meyer, The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, July 30, 1999
• Chhandasi Pandya. 2006. Private Authority and Disaster Relief: The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian Studies. Vol. 38, No. 2. Pg. 298-308. Routledge Press: Taylor & Francis Group
• Maha Abdelrahman, Civil Society Exposed: The Politics of NGOs in Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press, 2004. Al-Ahram Weekly has done a review of the book.
• Sangeeta Kamat, Development hegemony: NGOs and The State in India, Delhi, New York; Oxford University Press, 2002
• Adama Sow, Chancen und Risiken von NGOs – Die Gewerkschaften in Guinea während der Unruhen 2007 – EPU Research Papers: Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (بالألمانية)
• Lyal S. Sunga, "Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq", in Ethics in Action: The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ. Press, 2007.
• Lyal S. Sunga, "NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations" (2005) 41-69.
• Werker & Ahmed (2008): What do Non-Governmental Organizations do?
• Steve Charnovitz, "Two Centuries of Participation: NGOs and International Governance," Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, Winter 1997, at 183-286.
• Abahlali baseMjondolo , 'Critical Dialogue', 2006

Akpan S. M (2010): Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press). The de facto reference resource for information and statistics on International NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational forms is the Yearbook of International Organizations, produced by the Union of International Associations.

وصلات خارجية

• Fundsforngos.org Grants, resources and sustainability for NGOs
• A brief history of Non-Governmental Organizations
• Historical Database of International NGOs
• Duke University NGO Library
• Global Policy Forum: The site includes articles on a wide range of aspects of NGOs.
• London School of Economics International Working Paper Series on NGOs
• What is a Non-Governmental Organization? City University, London
• 100 Tips 100 Tools for Better Governed NGOs
• The official site of non-governmental association Foreign Policy and Security Research center (Minsk, Belarus)