جرذ
| جرذ Rats Temporal range: Early Pleistocene – Recent | |
|---|---|
| The common brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) | |
| التصنيف الفهمي | |
| مملكة: | حيوان |
| Phylum: | حبليات |
| Class: | ثدييات |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Superfamily: | Muroidea |
| Family: | فأريات |
| Subfamily: | Murinae |
| Genus: |
''Rattus'' Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 |
| تصنيف | |
|
64 species | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Stenomys Thomas, 1910 | |
الجرذ (باللاتينية: Rattus) جنس من القوارض يضم نحو50 نوعاً. أكثرها انتشارا هوالجرذ الأسود والجرذ الأسمر وهما من مجموعة تسمى جرذان العالم القديم، أوالجرذان الحقيقية، وأصلها من قارة آسيا. والجرذ أكبر حجما من قريبه الفأر، بوزن يصل إلى النصف كيلوغرام.
A rat in a city street
Statue of a rat in Patan (Nepal)
يوجد منها أنواع أليفة يمكن تربيتها في المنزل، وهذه الجرذان الأليفة تنحدر من سلالة الجرذ البني. الجرذان بشكل عام تشكل أكبر خطر على مخزون الطعام في العالم؛ إذ يقدر حتى الجرذان وغيرها من القوارض تدمر ما بين 1/5 إلى 1/3الطعام المنتج على الأرض.[بحاجة لمصدر]
حيوانات ألييفة
A domesticated rat
طلت الجرذان تربى كحيوانات اليفة حتى القرن التاسع عشر
موضوعات للبحث الفهمي
A laboratory rat strain, known as a Zucker rat, is bred to be genetically prone to diabetes, the same metabolic disorder found among humans.
الذكاء
A Rat in a suburb of Vancouver.
تصنيف الجرذ
The genus Rattus is a member of the giant subfamily Murinae. Several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of Rattus: Lenothrix, Anonymomys, Sundamys, Kadarsanomys, Diplothrix, Margaretamys, Lenomys, Komodomys, Palawanomys, Bunomys, Nesoromys, Stenomys, Taeromys, Paruromys, Abditomys, Tryphomys, Limnomys, Tarsomys, Bullimus, Apomys, Millardia, Srilankamys, Niviventer, Maxomys, Leopoldamys, Berylmys, Mastomys, Myomys, Praomys, Hylomyscus, Heimyscus, Stochomys, Dephomys, and Aethomys.
The genus Rattus proper contains 64 extant species. A subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species.
الانواع
Genus Rattus - Typical rats
-
incertae sedis
- Annandale's Rat (Rattus annandalei) – Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore
- Enggano Rat (Rattus enganus) – Indonesia
- Philippine Forest Rat (Rattus everetti) – الفلپين
- Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) – Fiji and most Polynesian islands, New Zealand, Easter Island, and هاوائي
- Hainald's Rat (Rattus hainaldi) – Indonesia
- Hoogerwerf's Rat (Rattus hoogerwerfi) – Indonesia
- Korinch's Rat (Rattus korinchi) – Indonesia
- died Maclear's Rat (Rattus macleari) – Christmas Island
- Nillu Rat (Rattus montanus) – Sri Lanka
- Molaccan Prehensile-tailed Rat (Rattus morotaiensis) – Indonesia
- died Bulldog Rat (Rattus nativitatis) – Christmas Island
- Kerala Rat (Rattus ranjiniae) – الهند
- New Ireland Forest Rat (Rattus sanila)
- Andaman Rat (Rattus stoicus) – Andaman Islands
- Timor rat (Rattus timorensis) – Timor
-
R. norvegicus group
- Himalayan Field Rat (Rattus nitidus) – Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Palau, the Philippines, تايلند, and Vietnam
- Brown Rat or Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) – worldwide except Antarctica
- Turkestan Rat (Rattus pyctoris; obs. Rattus turkestanicus) – Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, and Pakistan
-
R. rattus group
- Sunburned Rat (Rattus adustus) – Enggano Island, Indonesia
- Sikkim Rat (Rattus andamanensis) – Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam
- Rice-field Rat (Rattus argentiventer) – Southeast Asia
- Summit Rat (Rattus baluensis) – Malaysia
- Aceh Rat (Rattus blangorum)
- Nonsense Rat (Rattus burrus) – India
- Hoffmann's Rat (Rattus hoffmanni) – Indonesia
- Koopman's Rat (Rattus koopmani) – Indonesia
- Lesser Rice-field Rat (Rattus losea) – China, Laos, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
- Mentawai Rat (Rattus lugens) – Indonesia
- Mindoro Black Rat (Rattus mindorensis) – the Philippines
- Little Soft-furred Rat (Rattus mollicomulus) – Indonesia
- Osgood's Rat (Rattus osgoodi) – Vietnam
- Palm Rat (Rattus palmarum) – India
- Black Rat (Rattus rattus) – worldwide except Antarctica
- Sahyadris Forest Rat (Rattus satarae)
- Simalur Rat (Rattus simalurensis) – Indonesia
- Tanezumi Rat (Rattus tanezumi) – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
- Tawi-Tawi Forest Rat (Rattus tawitawiensis) – the Philippines
- Malayan Field Rat (Rattus tiomanicus) – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand
-
R. xanthurus group
- Bonthain Rat (Rattus bontanus; obs. Rattus foramineus) – Indonesia
- Opossum Rat (Rattus marmosurus) – Indonesia
- Peleng Rat (Rattus pelurus) – Indonesia
- Southeastern Xanthurus Rat (Rattus salocco) - Indonesia
- Yellow-tailed Rat (Rattus xanthurus) – Indonesia
-
R. leucopus group (New Guinean group)
- Arfak Rat (Vogelkop Mountain Rat) (Rattus arfakiensis)
- Western New Guinea Mountain Rat (Rattus arrogans)
- Sula Rat (Rattus elaphinus) – Indonesia
- Spiny Ceram Rat (Rattus feliceus) – Indonesia
- Giluwe Rat (Rattus giluwensis) – Papua New Guinea
- Japen Rat (Rattus jobiensis) – Indonesia
- Cape York Rat (Rattus leucopus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
- Eastern Rat (Rattus mordax) – Papua New Guinea
- Moss-forest Rat (Rattus niobe) – Papua New Guinea, Indonesia
- New Guinean Rat (Rattus novaeguineae) – Papua New Guinea
- Arianus's Rat (Rattus omichlodes)
- Pocock’s Highland Rat (Rattus pococki)
- Spiny Rat (Rattus praetor) – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Solomon Islands
- Glacier Rat (Rattus richardsoni) – Indonesia
- Stein's Rat (Rattus steini) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
- Van Deusen's Rat (Rattus vandeuseni) – Papua New Guinea
- Slender Rat (Rattus verecundus) – Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
-
R. fuscipes group (Australian group)
- Dusky Rat (Rattus colletti) – Australia
- Bush Rat (Rattus fuscipes) – Australia
- Australian Swamp Rat (Rattus lutreolus) – Australia
- Dusky Field Rat (Rattus sordidus) – Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea
- Pale Field Rat (Rattus tunneyi) – Australia
- Long-haired Rat (Rattus villosissimus) – Australia
انظر ايضاً
- List of fictional mice and rats
- Mouse
- Oriental rat flea
- Rat (zodiac)
- Rat-baiting
- Rat-catcher
- Working rat
- East Timor giant rat
المصادر والملاحظات
قراءات أخرى
- Barnett, S. Anthony (2002) The Story of Rats: Their Impact on Us, and Our Impact on Them, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW, 202 pages, ISBN 1-86508-519-7.
- Hendrickson, R. (1983) More Cunning than Man: A Complete History of the Rat and its Role in Civilization, Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-393-7.
- Jahn, G. C., P. Cox, S. Mak, and N. Chhorn (1999) "Farmer participatory research on rat management in Cambodia", In G. Singleton, L. Hinds, H. Leirs and Zhibin Zhang [Eds.] Ecologically-based rodent management ACIAR, Canberra. Ch. 17, pp. 358–371. ISBN 1-86320-262-5.
- Leung, LKP; Cox, Peter G.; Jahn, G. C.; Nugent, Robert (2002). "Evaluating rodent management with Cambodian rice farmers". Cambodian Journal of Agriculture. 5: 21–26.
- Matthews, I. (1898). . 1st ed. Manchester: Friendly Societies Printing Co. ISBN 1-905124-64-3.
- Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. "Family Muridae" in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. "Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference", Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 501–755.
- Nowak, R. M. (1999) Walker's Mammals of the World Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
- Sullivan, Robert (2004). Rats: A Year with نيويورك's Most Unwanted Inhabitants. Granta Books, London.
- Sullivan, Robert (2005). Rats: Observations on the History and Habitat of the City's Most Unwanted Inhabitants. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 1-58234-477-9.
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Rats. |
- High-Resolution Images of the Rat Brain
- National Bio Resource Project for the Rat in Japan
- Rat Behaviour and Biology
- Rat Genome Database
-
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Rat". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- "Rat". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
