الجمهورية البرتغالية الأولى
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Portuguese Republic
República Portuguesa
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| 1910–1926 | |||||||||
الفهم
Coat of arms
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النشيد: A Portuguesa (برتغالية) The Portuguese | |||||||||
| العاصمة | Lisbon | ||||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | Portuguese (in Continental Portugal, Madeira and Azores, official in the Portuguese Empire) | ||||||||
| الحكومة | Dominant-party Parliamentary republic | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1911–1915 |
Manuel de Arriaga (1st) | ||||||||
• 1925–1926 |
Bernardino Machado (last) | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1911 |
João Pinheiro Chagas (1st) | ||||||||
• 1925–1926 |
António Maria da Silva (last) | ||||||||
| التشريع | Congress of the Republic | ||||||||
• Upper house |
Senate | ||||||||
• Lower house |
Chamber of Deputies | ||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||
• Established |
October 5, 1910 | ||||||||
• Constitution |
August 21, 1911 | ||||||||
• Disestablished |
May 29, 1926 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
| 1911 | 92,391 kم2 (35,672 ميل2) | ||||||||
| 1920 | 92,391 kم2 (35,672 ميل2) | ||||||||
| التعداد | |||||||||
• 1911 |
5969056 | ||||||||
• 1920 |
6032991 | ||||||||
| Currency |
Portuguese real (1910–1911) Portuguese escudo (1911–1926) |
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جزء من عن |
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القديم
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العصور الوسطى
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الأفونسية
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عصر الاكتشافات
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Brigantine
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الجمهورية الأولى
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الجمهورية الثانية
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الجمهورية الثالثة
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Regions
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| خط زمني |
| بوابة Portugal |
The First Portuguese Republic (بالپرتغالية: Primeira República Portuguesa; officially: República Portuguesa, Portuguese Republic) spans a complex 16-year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the period of constitutional monarchy marked by theخمسة October 1910 revolution and the of 1926. The last movement instituted a military dictatorship known as Ditadura Nacional (national dictatorship) that would be followed by the corporatist Estado Novo (new state) regime of António de Oliveira Salazar.
The sixteen years of the First Republic saw nine presidents and 44 ministries, and have been described as consisting of "continual anarchy, government corruption, rioting and pillage, assassinations, arbitrary imprisonment and religious persecution".
فيخمسة أكتوبر 1910، مع نزول الملك مانويل الثاني عن العرش، تنتهي الملكية في البرتغال. واعلان الجمهورية البرتغالية الأولى. تيوفيلوبراگا يصبح أول رئيس للحكومة المؤقتة للبلد.
Sardica, however, also points up the permanent impact of the republican experiment:
- Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy—a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) nobody has dared to alter and which still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic’s prime legacy was indeed that of memory.
المراجع
- ^ Hugh Kay, Salazar and Modern Portugal, Eyre & Spottiswoode (London), 1970, p. 26
- ^ José Miguel Sardica, "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century" (2011)
للاستزادة
- Leal, Ernesto Castro. "Parties and political identity: the construction of the party system of the Portuguese Republic (1910-1926)." E-journal of Portuguese History 7#1 (2009): 37-44. Online[]
- Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro De. Afonso Costa (London: Haus Publishing, 2010); 227 pp. excerpt
- Sardica, José Miguel. "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century," E-Journal of Portuguese History (Summer 2011) 9#1 pp 1–27. online
- Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese revolution of 1910." Journal of Modern History (1972): 172-194. in JSTOR
- Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: a political history, 1910-1926 (U of Wisconsin Press, 1999)
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