البنغال الغربية

البنغال الغربية
البنغال الغربية ; Paschim Banga ; West Bengal
	State
	من أعلى: خط أفق كلكتا من Howrah,; Rasmancha, Bishnupur in Bankura district,; نمر بنغالي في Sundarbans National Park,; مسجد أدينا في Pandua of Maldah district, Cooch Behar Palace، الشروق في Digha، في قصر Hazarduari في مرشد آباد، منظر دارجيلنگ من Happy Valley Tea Estate
	; Emblem
	; Emblem
	مسقط البنغال الغربية
Country	الهند
Established	26 January 1950
العاصمة	كلكتا
أكبر مدينة;	كلكتا
Districts	قائمة Alipurduar; Bankura; Birbhum; Cooch Behar; Dakshin Dinajpur; Darjeeling; Hooghly; Howrah; Jalpaiguri; Jhargram; Kalimpong; Kolkata; Malda; Murshidabad; Nadia; North 24 Parganas; Pashchim Bardhaman; Pashchim Medinipur; Purba Bardhaman; Purba Medinipur; Purulia; South 24 Parganas; Uttar Dinajpur; ;
الحكم
• الهيئة	حكومة البنغال الغربية
• الحاكم	Keshari Nath Tripathi
• Chief Minister	Mamata Banerjee (AITC)
• Legislature	Legislative Assembly (295)
• High Court	محكمة كلكتا العليا
المساحة
• الإجمالية	88٬752 كم² (34٬267 ميل²)
ترتيب المساحة	14th
التعداد(2011)
• الإجمالي	91٬347٬736
• الترتيب	4th
• الكثافة	1٬029/km2 (2٬670/sq mi)
صفة المواطن	بنغالي
ن.م.إ. (2018–19)
• الإجمالي	₹13٫14 lakh crore (240 بليون US$)
• للفرد	₹108٬372 (US$2٬000)
اللغات
• الرسمية	بنغالي; الإنگليزية;
• Additional official	هندي; Odia; Santali; أردو; Punjabi; Kamtapuri; Rajbanshi; كورمالي; Nepali in two sub-divisions of Darjeeling
منطقة التوقيت	IST (التوقيت العالمي المنسق+05:30)
ISO 3166 code	IN-WB
تسجيل السيارة	WB
HDI (2017)	▲ 0.637 (medium) · 21st
Literacy (2011)	77.08%
Sex ratio (2011)	950 ♀/1000 ♂
المسقط الإلكتروني	www.wb.gov.in
	294 elected, 1 nominated

البنغال الغربية (بالإنگليزية: West Bengal؛ بالبنغالي: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Poshchim Bônggo, أص‌د: [poʃtʃim bɔŋɡo]) هي ولاية تقع في شمالي الهند، وتبلغ مساحتها 87,853 كم². يقطن الولاية 69,982,732 نسمة. يدين 75% منهم بالهندوسية، و20% بالإسلام، والبقية بوذيُّون، ونصارى، ويانيون، وسيخ. يتحدث 85% من السكان اللغة البنغالية، والآخرون يتحدثون اللغة الهندية، والأوردو، وبعض اللهجات القبلية. نسبة التعليم 40%. ويعيش 30% من السكان في المراكز الحضرية. أبرز المدن كَلكتا العاصمة، وأسانسول ودرغابور.

أصل الاسم

The origin of the name Bengal (Bangla and Bongo in Bengali) is unknown. One theory suggests the word derives from "Bang", the name of a Dravidian tribe that settled the region around 1000 BCE. The Bengali word Bongo might have been derived from the ancient (or Banga). Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name Vanga, the region's early history is obscure.

In 1947, at the end of British rule over the Indian subcontinent the Bengal Legislative Council and the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the Partition of Bengal along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal, which continued as an Indian state, and East Bengal, a province of Pakistan, which came to be known be as East Pakistan and later became the independent Bangladesh.

In 2011 the Government of West Bengal proposed a change in the official name of the state to PaschimBanga (بالبنغالية: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ Pôshchimbônggô). This is the native name of the state, literally meaning "western Bengal" in the native Bengali language. In August 2016 the West Bengal Legislative Assembly passed another resolution to change the name of West Bengal to "Bengal" in English, and "Bangla" in Bengali. Despite the Trinamool Congress government's efforts to forge a consensus on the name change resolution, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front, and the Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the resolution. However, the central government has turned down the proposal maintaining the state should have one single name for all languages instead of three, and it should not be the same as that of any other territory (pointing out that the name 'Bangla' may create confusion with neighboring Bangladesh).

التاريخ

الفترة القديمة والكلاسيكية

عملة الملك شاشانكا، الذي خلق أول كيان سياسي منفصل في البنغال، باسم مملكة گاودا.

عـُثـِر على أدوات من العصر الحجري تعود إلى 20,000 سنة مضت في حفريات بالولاية، تبين حتى الاستيطان البشري كان متواجداً قبل 8,000 سنة من تقديرات الدارسين. وحسب الملحمة الهندية مهابهاراتا فإن المنطقة كانت جزءاً من مملكة ڤانگا. وكان تواجد عدد من الأملاك الڤيدية في منطقة البنغال، بما في ذلك ڤانگا، رار، وپوندراڤردانا، ومملكة سوهما. أحد أقدم الإشارات الأجنبية إلى البنغال كان من اليونانيين القدماء حوالي 100 ق.م. لأرض تُدعى گانگاريداي وتقع في مصب الگانج. وكان للبنغال تجارة وراء البحار مع سوڤارنابومي (بورما وتايلند السفلى وأسفل شبه جزيرة الملايو، وسومطرة). وحسب التأريخ السريلانكي مهاڤامسا، فإن الأمير ڤيجايا (ح. 543-505 ق.م.)، من مملكة ڤانگا، هزم لانكا (سري لانكا الحالية) وأسمى البلد مملكة سنهالا.


امبراطورية پالا في عهد دارماپالا		امبراطورية پالا في عهد دڤاپالا

راجا رام موهان روي يُعتبر "أبونهضة البنغال."

تُعدّ سلالة الدراڤيديين أولى السلالات التي سكنت الهند، وهم جماعات صغيرة، كانت تمارس جمع الثمار والصيد. حوالي عام 200 ق.م، كانت البنغال جزءًا من إمبراطورية موريا.

دخلها الإسلام في مطلع القرن السابع الهجري، الثالث عشر الميلادي، في عهد الدولة العباسية. وإثر الفتوحات المبكرة التي قام بها محمد بن بختيار خلجي وتأسيس سلطنة دلهي، انتشر الإسلام في منطقة البنغال. ولاحقاً بين الفينة والأخرى، دعم غزاة مسلمون عملية اعتناق السكان الإسلام ببنائهم المساجد والمدارس والخانقاوات. وفي عهد سلطنة البنغال الإسلامية، التي تأسست في 1352، أصبحت البنغال أمة تجارية كبرى على مستوى العالم وكثيراً ما كان الأوروپيون يشيرون إليها بأنها أغنى بلد يمكنهم التجارة معه. ومن بعدهم اتى الأفغان، ثم استطاع الإمبراطور المغولي، أكبر، بسط نفوذه على البنغال الغربية، في 1576، فامتص سلطنة البنغال في سلطنة المغل.

الفترات القروسطية والحديثة المبكرة

فيروز منار في گاودا بُني أثناء سلطنة البنغال.

الفترة الاستعمارية

خريطة للبنغال من سنة 1880

أثار المد الإسلامي الأوروبيين فتوجهت أنظارهم إليها. وفي عام 1700، أصبحت البنغال دولة مستقلة، ولكن تحت سيطرة عملية لشركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية، التي احتكرت إمكانات الولاية الاقتصادية.

في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي، أصبحت البنغال المركز السياسي والاقتصادي للهند البريطانية واتسعت رقعتها، بعد دارجيلنگ، وما حولها. أدّى تقسيم اللورد كرزون للبنغال إلى ولايتين جديدتين هما: البنغال الغربية، وآسام وولاية البنغال الشرقية وأوريسا وبيهار إلى:

ظهور معارضة قوية للحكم البريطاني وسط البنغاليين.
وضع بذور الشقاق بين المسلمين، والهندوس الذي انتهى إلى انفصال باكستان بقسميها الشرقي والغربي عن الهند.
حدوث هجرات ضخمة للمسلمين إلى باكستان، والهندوس إلى الهند. وقد صاحب تلك الهجرات الكثير من إراقة الدماء.

من أعلام البنغال الشاعر والروائي طاغور، الذي حاز جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1913.

استقلال الهند وما بعده

سوباش تشاندرا بوزه هوأحد أبرز المقاتلين البنغال من أجل الحرية في حركة الاستقلال الهندية ضد الراج البريطاني.

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway أختيرت مسقط تراث عالمي لليونسكوفي 1999.

الجغرافيا

خريطة البنغال الغربية

Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon.

National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong, in the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region.

ولاية البنغال الغربية في معظمها سهول دلتاوية تنتشر فيها الرواسب الفيضانية والمستنقعات الطينية. الجزء الشمالي من الولاية به سفوح جبال الهملايا، التي ترتفع إلى 4,000م. أما الجزء الغربي، فيتكون من مرتفعات تنحدر تدريجيًا، نحوهضبة شوتاناجبور في ولاية بيهار.

هنالك ثلاثة فصول مناخية في الولاية هي: فصل حار جاف، يمتد من مارس إلى منتصف يونيو، فصل حار ممطر، يضم الفترة من يونيوإلى سبتمبر، فصل بارد جاف، من أكتوبر إلى فبراير.

بالبنغال الغربية ثلاثة أنهار هي: نهر الگنج، ونهر هوگلي، ونهر دمادار.

دارجيلنگ، تقع فوق تلال البنغال الغربية، وتعتبر مركزًا لإنتاج الشاي. يغرس ربع محصول الشاي الهندي في هذه المنطقة، يلتقط العمال حوالي 18كجم من ورق الشاي يوميًا.

الاقتصاد

كلكتا هي المركز الاقتصادي للبنغال الغربية

السنة	الناتج المحلي الإجمالي للولاية
Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices (93–94 Base) الأرقام بالكرورى روپية هندية
1999–2000	135,182
2000–2001	143,532
2001–2002	157,136
2002–2003	168,047
2003–2004	189,099
2004–2005	208,578
2005–2006	236,044

المجتمع في البنغال الغربية زراعي، ويُمثِّل الأرز 80% من مساحة الأراضي المزروعة. أما المحاصيل الأخرى فتضم: الجوت، والذرة، والحبوب الزيتية، والتبغ والخضراوات، وتسهم الولاية بنحو25% من إنتاج الشاي في الهند، وتهجرز زراعته حول دارجيلنگ.

تُسهم البنغال الغربية بربع إنتاج الهند من المعادن، وأهمها الفحم، والحديد.

مازالت الصناعات اليدوية مهمة، خاصة صناعة الحرير الطبيعي والفخار. أما الصناعات الحديثة فتضم: الصناعات الهندسية، وصناعة الجوت، اللتين بدأتا في القرن التاسع عشر الميلادي. هذا بجانب صناعة الورق والنسيج، والصناعات الإلكترونيَّة والكيميائية وغيرها.

ترتبط البنغال الغربية بالسكك الحديدية والطرق مع بقية الهند، وتصدر فيها عدة صحف، كما تحتل المرتبة الثانية من حيث توزيع الصحف اليومية في الهند؛ فيوزع فيها مليونان من النسخ يوميًا.

النبيت والوحيش

نمر بنغالي

أشجار السال في غابة أراباري، في غرب ميدناپور. الادارة المشهجرة للغابات تقوم بصيانة الغابة.

**رموز ولاية البنغال الغربية**
العنوان	الرمز	الصورة
حيوان الولاية	Fishing cat
طائر الولاية	White-throated kingfisher
زهرة الولاية	Night-flowering jasmine
شجرة الولاية	Devil tree

الحكومة والسياسة

Main offices in West Bengal

Raj Bhavan, the residence of the governor of the state

West Bengal Legislative Assembly

المحكمة العليا في كلكتا هي أعلى محكمة في البنغال الغربية.

Nabanna, office of Chief Minister of West Bengal

Writers' Building, West Bengal Government Secretariat

A Left Front حشد سياسي في كلكتا.

التقسيم الإداري - الأضلع

أضلع البنغال الغربية

As of 2017, West Bengal is divided into 23 districts.

District	Population	Growth rate	Sex ratio	Literacy	Density per square Kilometer
North 24 Parganas	10,009,781	12.04	955	84.06	2445
South 24 Parganas	8,161,961	18.17	956	77.51	819
Purba Bardhaman	–	–	–	–	–
Paschim Bardhaman	2,882,031	–	922	78.75	1,800
Murshidabad	7,103,807	21.09	958	66.59	1334
West Midnapore	5,913,457	13.86	966	78.00	631
Hooghly	5,519,145	9.46	961	81.80	1753
Nadia	5,167,600	12.22	947	74.97	1316
East Midnapore	5,095,875	15.36	938	87.02	1081
Howrah	4,850,029	13.50	939	83.31	3306
Kolkata	4,496,69	−1.67	908	86.31	24306
Maldah	3,988,845	21.22	944	61.73	1069
Jalpaiguri	3,872,846	13.87	953	73.25	622
Alipurduar	1,700,000	–	–	–	400
Bankura	3,596,292	12.64	954	70.95	523
Birbhum	3,502,404	16.15	956	70.68	771
North Dinajpur	3,007,134	23.15	939	59.07	958
Purulia	2,930,115	15.52	957	64.48	468
Cooch Behar	2,819,086	13.71	942	74.78	832
Darjeeling	1,846,823	14.77	970	79.56	586
Dakshin Dinajpur	1,676,276	11.52	956	72.82	755
Kalimpong	202,239	–	–	–	–
Jhargram	1,136,548	–	–	–	–

^ Bardhaman was bifurcated into Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman in 2017. Thus, no demographic information was available as of January 2018
^ Was created after the 2011 Census

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed by either the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service. Each district is subdivided into sub-divisions, governed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate, and again into blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.

The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata—the third-largest urban agglomeration and the seventh-largest city in India. Asansol is the second-largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal.Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other larger cities and towns in West Bengal are: Durgapur, Howrah, Bardhaman, Baharampur, Jalpaiguri, Kharagpur, and Chandannagar.

الديمغرافيا

مشهد قروي في غرب ميدناپور. 72% من سكان الولاية يعيشون في الريف.

مغنو"باول" في بسنتا-أوتساب، شانتيني‌كتان.

النموالسكاني
Census	Pop.	%±
1951	26٬300٬000	—
1961	34٬926٬000	32.8%
1971	44٬312٬000	26.9%
1981	54٬581٬000	23.2%
1991	68٬078٬000	24.7%
2001	80٬176٬000	17.8%
Source:Census of India

الثقافة

الأدب

Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and the composer of India's national anthem.

Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga to Europe and the US, raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.

The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage it shares with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition of folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, a collection of Buddhist mystic songs dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries; Mangalkavya, a collection of Hindu narrative poetry composed around the 13th century; Shreekrishna Kirtana, a pastoral Vaishnava drama in verse composed by Boru Chandidas; Thakurmar Jhuli, a collection of Bengali folk and fairy tales compiled by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder; and stories of Gopal Bhar, a court jester in medieval Bengal. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works marked a departure from the traditional verse-oriented writings prevalent in that period;Michael Madhusudan Dutt, a pioneer in Bengali drama who introduced the use of blank verse; and Rabindranath Tagore, who reshaped Bengali literature and music. Indian art saw the introduction of Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Other notable figures include Kazi Nazrul Islam, whose compositions form the avant-garde genre of Nazrul Sangeet,Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay, whose works on contemporary social practices in Bengal are widely acclaimed, and Manik Bandyopadhyay, who is considered one of the leading lights of modern Bengali fiction. In modern times, Jibanananda Das has been acknowledged as "the premier poet of the post-Tagore era in India". Other writers include: Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, best known for his work Pather Panchali; Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, well known for his portrayal of the lower strata of society;Manik Bandopadhyay, a pioneering novelist; and Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Saradindu Bandopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Buddhadeb Basu,Joy Goswami, and Sunil Gangopadhyay.

الموسيقى والرقص

Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, Shantiniketan.

Dance with Rabindra Sangeet

الأفلام

Satyajit Ray, a pioneer in Bengali cinema along with Ravi Sankar.

الفنون الجميلة

Panchchura Temple in Bishnupur, one of the older examples of the terracotta arts of India.

التراث الإصلاحي

The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, including Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. Their social reforms eventually led to a cultural atmosphere that made it possible for practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination, or untouchability, to be abolished. The region was also home to several religious teachers, such as Chaitanya, Ramakrishna, Prabhupada, and Paramahansa Yogananda.

المطبخ

Assorted food eaten in West Bengal: Patisapta, a kind of pitha; Shorshe Ilish (Hilsha with Mustard Sauce) and Rasgullas in sugar syrup

Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, "machhe bhate bangali", that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali". Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on its texture, size, fat content, and bones. Most of the people also consume eggs, chicken, mutton, and shrimp. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water) with onion and green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas. Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen include cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies, and turmeric. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam, and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread, or dim sum, are specialties of the winter season. Sweets such as narkol-naru, til-naru, moa, and payesh are prepared during festivals such as Lakshmi puja. Popular street foods include Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, biryani, and phuchka.

اللباس

Jamdani Sari of Bangladesh is very popular in West Bengal.

A Murti (representation) of Durga, shown riding her lion and attacking the demon Mahishasura.

An Indian pilgrim, in Gangasagar fair in Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India.

الأعياد

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Festivals of West Bengal: Durga Puja, Rath Yatra and Muharram procession in Kolkata.

التعليم

جامعة كلكتا, the oldest public university of India.
The front entrance to the academic block of NUJS, Kolkata.
Prajna Bhavan, housing the School of Mathematical Sciences and School of RKMVU.

West Bengal schools are run by the state government or private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. Secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS), West Bengal Board of Secondary Education, or the West Bengal Board of Madrasah Education.

As of 2016 85% of children within theستة to 17-year age group attend school (86% do so in urban areas and 84% in rural areas). School attendance is almost universal among theستة to 14-year age group then drops to 70% with the 15 to 17-year age group. There is a gender disparity in school attendance in theستة to 14-year age group, more girls than boys are attending school. In Bengal, 71% of women aged 15–49 years and 81% of men aged 15–49 years are literate. Only 14% of women aged 15–49 years in West Bengal have completed 12 or more years of schooling, compared with 22% of men. 22% of women and 14% of men age 15–49 years have never attended school.

St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling

Some of the notable schools in the city are: La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School, and Loreto House, Loreto Convent, Asansol some of which rank amongst the best schools in the country. Many of the schools in Kolkata and Darjeeling are colonial-era establishments housed in buildings that are exemplars of neo-classical architecture. Darjeeling's schools include: St. Paul's, St. Joseph's North Point, Goethals Memorial School, and Dow Hill in Kurseong.

West Bengal has eighteen universities. Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It was the gateway to the revolution of European education during the British Raj. Sir William Jones established the Asiatic Society in 1794 to promote oriental studies. People such as Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Alexander Duff and William Carey played leading roles in setting up modern schools and colleges in the city.

The University of Calcutta, the oldest public university in India, has 136 affiliated colleges. Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. The Lady Brabourne College was established in 1939. The Scottish Church College, the oldest Christian liberal arts college in South Asia, started in 1830. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed the Presidency College. The state government granted it university status in 2010 and it was renamed Presidency University. Kazi Nazrul University was established in 2012. The University of Calcutta and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.

The Auditorium at Indian Institute of Management Calcutta

Other higher education institutes of importance in West Bengal include: St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (the first IIEST), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kalyani, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. In 2003 the state government supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal University of Health Sciences, West Bengal State University, and Gour Banga University.

Jadavpur University (Focus area—Mobile Computing and Communication and Nano-science), and the University of Calcutta (Modern Biology) are among two of the fifteen universities selected under the "University with Potential for Excellence" scheme. University of Calcutta (Focus Area—Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modeling) has also been selected under the "Centre with Potential for Excellence in a Particular Area" scheme.

In addition, the state is home to Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University, and North Bengal University all well as established and nationally renowned schools to cover education needs at the district level and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Apart from this there is a Deemed university run by the Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math.

There are several research institutes in Kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done at the IACS. The Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur, Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibers, National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG), Kalyani, and the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre are the most prominent.

Notable scholars who were born, worked, or studied in the geographic area of the state include physicists: Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha, and Jagadish Chandra Bose; chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy; statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain; physician Upendranath Brahmachari; educator Ashutosh Mukherjee; and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman, and Amartya Sen.

انظر أيضًا

Bengali alphabet
Bengali Language Movement
Bibliography of India
Ghoti people, Bangal
History of India
Index of India-related articles
List of colleges and universities in West Bengal
List of Hindu festivals
List of people from West Bengal
Music of Bengal, Cinema of West Bengal, Architecture of Bengal
Outline of India
Outline of West Bengal
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Partition of Bengal (1947)
Tourism in West Bengal
Tourist attractions in West Bengal
أكبر
رابندرانات طاغور
كلكتا

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

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المصادر

Baxter, C (1997), Bangladesh, From a Nation to a State, Westview Press, 0813336325, ISBN 185984121X
Bennett, A & J Hindle (1996), London Review of Books: An Anthology, Verso, 63–70, ISBN 185984121X
Roy, A & Alsayyad (2004), Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739107410
West Bengal Human Development Report 2004, Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2004, ISBN 8179550303

وصلات خارجية

البنغال الغربية travel guide from Wikitravel
Official website of Government of West Bengal
Statistical handbook West Bengal
Birds of West Bengal
Butterflies of West Bengal
Flora of West Bengal

[a-30] Bardhaman was bifurcated into Purba Bardhaman and Paschim Bardhaman in 2017. Thus, no demographic information was available as of January 2018

[b-31] Was created after the 2011 Census

[2011_pp_tableA2-1] "Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original onسبعة January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

[Budget_Analysis-2] "West Bengal Budget Analysis 2018–19" (PDF). Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability, India. Retrieved 1 February 2018.

[WB-3] "Medium term fiscal policy statement & fiscal policy stratergy statement for 2018–19" (PDF). Finance Department, Government of West Bengal. January 2018. p. 6. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

[4] "Fact and Figures". www.wb.gov.in. Retrieved 30 March 2018.

[Indiatoday:1-5] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Indiatoday:1

[Telegraph:1-6] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Telegraph:1

[nclmanurep2010-7] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة nclmanurep2010

[snhdi-gdl-8] "Sub-national HDI - Area Database". Global Data Lab (in الإنجليزية). Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

[2011_pp_table3A2-9] "Sex ratio, 0–6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original onسبعة January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.

[10] "Sex Ratio in West Bengal". Census of India 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014.

[11] "Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 1988. Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2012. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.

[Marshman1865-12] Marshman, John Clark (1865). . John Clark Marshman. p. 1. Archived from the original on أربعة December 2017.

[FOOTNOTEMukherjee1987230-13] Mukherjee 1987, p. 230.

[FOOTNOTEChakrabarty2004142-14] Chakrabarty 2004, p. 142.

[15] "West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.

[namec-16] "Assembly drops West, renames State as Bengal". The Hindu (in الإنجليزية). Special Correspondent. 29 August 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2018.CS1 maint: others (link)

[17] "Foreign ministry turns down Mamata Banerjee's 'Bangla' for West Bengal". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[18] "West Bengal to send another proposal to Centre on changing its name". Hindustan Times (in الإنجليزية).ثمانية September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.

[19] Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). "History of Bengal just got a lot older". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2010. Humans walked on Bengal's soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the state's pre-history back by some 8,000 years.

[20] Sen, S. N. (1999). . New Age International. pp. 273–274. ISBN . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.

[21] Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 154–155. ISBN .

[ancienttrade-22] Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). . New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 28. ISBN .

[mahavamsa-23] Geiger, Wilhelm; Haynes Bode, Mabel (2003) [1908]. "Chapter VI: The Coming of Vijaya". . New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 51–54. ISBN .

[kumar-24] Raj Kumar (2003). . Discovery Publishing House. p. 199. ISBN .

[Bengal_p._10-25] Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. ISBN . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.

[Banu1992-26] Banu, U. A. B. Razia Akter (January 1992). . BRILL. pp. 2, 17. ISBN . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014.

[gdpstat-27] "Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices (93–94 Bae". National Accounts Division: Press release & Statements. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Retrieved 2008-03-29. External link in |publisher= (help)

[wiisymbols-28] "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2012.

[29] "District Profiles". Archived from the original on 22 April 2017.

[panchayatdef-32] "Section 2 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973 – West Bengal Judicial Academy" (PDF). West Bengal Judicial Academy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2018.

[blocdir-33] "Directory of district, sub division, panchayat samiti/ block and gram panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008". West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited, Government of West Bengal. March 2008. p. 1. Archived from the original (DOC) onسبعة December 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

[uapop2011-34] "Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2012.

[cityrank-35] "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011" (PDF). Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]. Archived (PDF) from the original onسبعة May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

[36] Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. ". The Diplomat (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[37] "2011 Census of India" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2013.

[Census_Population-38] "Census Population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Retrieved 2008-12-18.

[Feuerstein-39] Georg, Feuerstein (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. ISBN .

[clarke-40] Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN .

[41] "Bankim Chandra: The First Prominent Bengali Novelist". The Daily Star (in الإنجليزية). 30 June 2011. Archived from the original onستة September 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[42] Buckland, C. E. (1999). (in الإنجليزية). Cosmo Publication. ISBN .

[43] "TagoreWeb". tagoreweb.in. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[44] "Islam, Kazi Nazrul – Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original onستة July 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[45] ". The Indian Express (in الإنجليزية). 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

[46] "Manik Bandopadhyay Taking the road less travelled". The Daily Star (in الإنجليزية). 22 May 2013. Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

[47] Mookerjea-Leonard, Debali (2008). R. Victoria Arana (ed.). The Facts on File Companion to World poetry, 1900 to the Present. New York City: Facts on File, Inc. p. 128. ISBN .

[48] Sen, Sukumar (1979) [1960]. History of Bengali Literature (3rd ed.). New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. p. 345. ISBN .

[dattabuddha-49] Datta 1988, p. 1213

[dattashaktisunil-50] Datta 1988, p. 1367

[bardhanantho-51] Bardhan 2010

[Bengali-speaking-52] History of the Bengali-speaking People by Nitish Sengupta, p 211, UBS Publishers' Distributors Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-7476-355-4.

[machhe-53] Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. "Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh" (PDF). Aqua KE Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.

[54] "Bengalis relish hilsa fish as imports of the Bangladeshi delicacy grow". Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2017.

[55] "Ferment rice for a healthy morsel". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on أربعة August 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

[56] Banerji, Chitrita (December 2006). (in الإنجليزية). Serif. ISBN .

[57] "Sweet Items | Bengal Cuisine". bengalcuisine.in (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.

[rolltelegraph-58] Saha, S (18 January 2006). "Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court". The Telegraph (Kolkata). Calcutta, India. Archived from the original on 28 February 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

[streetfood-59] "Mobile food stalls". Bangalinet.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

[goi_mhrd_boards-60] "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India". Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.

[61] "National Family Health Survey". rchiips.org. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.(Select West Bengal to view the pdf format)

[62] "India's Best Schools, 2014". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015.

[63] "Educational Institute". darjeeling.gov.in. Archived from the original onستة July 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

[universitieswb-64] "UGC recognised Universities in West Bengal with NAAC accreditation status". Education Observer. Archived from the original onتسعة January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

[wbuhs-65] "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". West Bengal University of Health Sciences. Archived from the original on 21 December 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

[66] Sridhar, M.; Mishra, Sunita (5 August 2016). (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN .

[:1-67] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :1

[cuaffiliated-68] "List of Affiliated Colleges". University of Calcutta. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.

[engicolbengal-69] Mitra, P (31 August 2005). "Waning interest". Careergraph. Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. Archived from the original onخمسة January 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2006.

[visva-70] "Visva-Bharati: Facts and Figures at a Glance". Visva-Bharati Computer Centre. Archived from the original on 23 May 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007.

[Naac-71] NAAC. "NAAC accredited higher educational institution s in West Bengal" (PDF). www.naac.gov.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2018.

[72] "University Grants commission ::Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area". ugc.ac.in. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.

[73] "University". www.ugc.ac.in. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2018.

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