ساراتوڤ
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Saratov
Саратов
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City | |||
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Top upper left:Holy Trinity Cathedral in Saratov Museum Square, Top lower left:Saratov Administration Office, Top right:Saratov Conservatory, Middle left:Saratovskaya Orthodox Theological Seminary, Middle right:Schmidt Mill, Bottom:A twilight view of Saratov Engels Bridge and Volga River
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| النشيد: none | |||
 Saratov Saratov | |||
| الإحداثيات: Coordinates: | |||
| البلد | روسيا | ||
| كيان فدرالي | Saratov Oblast | ||
| Founded | ca. 1590 | ||
| وضع City منذ | 1708 | ||
| الحكم | |||
| • الهيئة | City Duma | ||
| • Head | Mikhail Isayev | ||
| التعداد(تعداد 2010) | |||
| • الإجمالي | 837٬900 | ||
| • تقدير (January 2015) | 842٬097 | ||
| • الترتيب | 16th in 2010 | ||
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الوضع الاداري
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| • Subordinated to | city of oblast significance of Saratov | ||
| • Capital of | أوبلاست ساراتوڤ, Saratovsky District | ||
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الوضع البلدي
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| • Urban okrug | Saratov Urban Okrug | ||
| • العاصمة of | Saratov Urban Okrug, Saratovsky Municipal District | ||
| Postal code(s) | 410000–410005, 410007–410010, 410012, 410015, 410017–410019, 410022, 410023, 410025, 410028–410031, 410033–410042, 410047–410056, 410059, 410060, 410062–410065, 410068, 410069, 410071, 410074, 410076, 410078, 410080, 410082, 410086, 410700, 410880, 410890, 410899, 410960–410965, 410999 | ||
| Dialing code(s) | +7 8452 | ||
| المسقط الإلكتروني | saratovmer.ru | ||
ساراتوڤ (Saratov ؛ روسية: Сара́тов; النطق الروسي: [sɐˈratəf] ( استمع)) هي مدينة والمركز الاداري لأوبلاست ساراتوڤ، روسيا، وميناء رئيسي على نهر الڤولگا يقع أعلى (شمال) ڤولگوگراد. التعداد: 873٬055 (تعداد 2002); 904٬643 (تعداد 1989).
أصل الاسم
The name Saratov may be derived from the Turkish words Saryk Atov, which mean "Hawks' Island". Another version of the name origin is Sary Tau (Сары Тау), meaning "Yellow Mountain" in the Tatar language.[]
التاريخ
Uvek, a city of the Golden Horde, stood near the site of the modern city of Saratov from the mid-13th century until its destruction by Tamerlane in 1395. While the exact date of the foundation of modern Saratov is unknown, all plausible theories date it to ca. 1590, during the reign (1584–1598) of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, who constructed several settlements along the Volga River in order to secure the southeastern boundary of his state. Town status was granted to it in 1708.
By the 1800s, Saratov had grown to become an important shipping port on the Volga. The Ryazan-Ural Railroad reached Saratov in 1870. In 1896 (26 years later), the line crossed the Volga and continued its eastward expansion. A unique train-ferry, owned by the Ryazan-Ural railroad, provided the connection across the river between the two parts of the railroad for 39 years, before the construction of a railway bridge in 1935.
During January 1915, with World War I dominating the Russian national agenda, Saratov became the destination for deportation convoys of ethnic Germans, Jews, Hungarians, Austrians and Slavs whose presence closer to the western front was perceived as a potential security risk to the state.
During World War II, Saratov was a station on the North-South Volzhskaya Rokada, a specially designated military railroad supplying troops, ammunition and supplies to Stalingrad in 1942-1943 the city was bombed by German aircraft the main target was the Kirov oil refinery bombarded heavily seriously damaging the installation and destroying 80% of its plant and temporarily interrupting its work. The Luftwaffe was able to destroy all the fuel stock at bases in Saratov and eliminate the oil plant in the city..
Until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet authorities designated Saratov a "closed city"—strictly off-limits to all foreigners due to its military importance as the site of a vital facility manufacturing military aircraft.
الجالية الألمانية
لعبت مدينة ساراتوڤ دوراً هاماً في تاريخ ألمان الڤولگا. فحتى 1941، كانت بلدة پوكروڤسك (حالياً إنگلز)، الواقعة على الضفة اللقاءة من نهر الڤولگا من ساراتوڤ، عاصمة جمهورية الڤولگا الألمانية. The ethnic German population of the region numbered 800,000 in the early 20th century, with some people whose families had been there for generations. Beginning with Catherine the Great's 1763 Manifesto promising land, freedom from military conscription and religious freedom, the Russian Emperors invited German immigration in the 18th and 19th centuries to encourage agricultural development.
The Volga German community came to include industrialists, scientists, musicians and architects, including those who built Saratov's universities and conservatories. After the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Soviet government forcibly expelled the Volga Germans to Uzbekistan, Siberia and Kazakhstan (September 1941); few ever returned to the Volga region, even after rehabilitation. Others were expelled to western Europe after World War II ended in 1945.[]
Beginning in the 1980s, a large portion of the surviving members of the ethnic Germans emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany.
Reminders of the once prominent place of Germans in the city remain, with the Roman Catholic St. Klementy Cathedral (seat of the historic Diocese of Tiraspol) on Nemetskaya Ulitsa ("German Street") the most notable. The building was converted into the children's cinema "Pioneer" during the Soviet period. A new cathedral was built in 2000 elsewhere in the city: the Cathedral of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul in Saratov.
الوضع الاداري والبلدي
Saratov is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Saratovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Saratov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Saratov is incorporated as Saratov Urban Okrug.
الجغرافيا
المناخ
Saratov has a moderately continental climate with warm and dry summers and an abundance of sunny days. The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near +23 °م (73 °ف); the coldest is February, at −8 °م (18 °ف).
Summers are hot and dry in Saratov. Daytime temperatures of +30 °م (86 °ف) or higher are commonplace, up to +40.9 °م (105.6 °ف) during a heat wave in 2010.
Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Days well above freezing and nights below −25 °م (−13 °ف) both occur in the winter.
| بيانات مناخ ساراتوڤ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 8.1 (46.6) |
7.3 (45.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
31.1 (88) |
34.0 (93.2) |
39.5 (103.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
40.9 (105.6) |
37.9 (100.2) |
25.1 (77.2) |
16.1 (61) |
11.7 (53.1) |
40٫9 (105٫6) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -4.8 (23.4) |
-4.7 (23.5) |
1.1 (34) |
13.3 (55.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
11.1 (52) |
1.6 (34.9) |
-3.6 (25.5) |
11٫4 (52٫5) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | -7.8 (18) |
-8.1 (17.4) |
-2.5 (27.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
-1.1 (30) |
-6.4 (20.5) |
6٫9 (44٫4) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -10.6 (12.9) |
-11.1 (12) |
-5.6 (21.9) |
3.7 (38.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.2 (63) |
15.5 (59.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
-3.3 (26.1) |
-8.9 (16) |
3٫0 (37٫4) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -37.3 (-35.1) |
-34.8 (-30.6) |
-26.8 (-16.2) |
-17.8 (-0) |
-3.8 (25.2) |
2.2 (36) |
6.4 (43.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
-2.9 (26.8) |
-12.6 (9.3) |
-24.7 (-12.5) |
-33.4 (-28.1) |
-37٫3 (-35٫1) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 41 (1.61) |
34 (1.34) |
31 (1.22) |
31 (1.22) |
35 (1.38) |
50 (1.97) |
49 (1.93) |
31 (1.22) |
49 (1.93) |
37 (1.46) |
46 (1.81) |
42 (1.65) |
476 (18٫74) |
| % Humidity | 84 | 81 | 78 | 64 | 55 | 59 | 59 | 59 | 64 | 74 | 84 | 84 | 70 |
| Avg. rainy days | 6 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 132 |
| Avg. snowy days | 19 | 15 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 16 | 71 |
| Sunshine hours | 55.8 | 81.2 | 139.5 | 219.0 | 279.0 | 309.0 | 319.3 | 272.8 | 153.0 | 114.7 | 60.0 | 49.6 | 2٬052٫9 |
| Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory | |||||||||||||
الاقتصاد والبنية التحتية
Saratov Oblast is highly industrialized, due in part to the richness in natural and industrial resources of the area. The oblast is also one of the more important and largest cultural and scientific centers in Russia. Saratov possesses six institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, twenty-one research institutes, nineteen project institutes, as well as the Saratov State University, the Saratov State Socio-Economic University, the Saratov State Technical University, and many scientific and technological laboratories attached to some of the city's large industrial enterprises.[]
النقل
Saratov is served by the Saratov Tsentralny Airport. The airport has flights to some international destinations and other Russian cities. Saratov West is a general aviation airfield. The aerospace manufacturing industry is served by the Saratov South airport. Nearby Engels Air Force Base is the main base for Russian strategic Tu-95 and Tu-160 bombers. Motorways link Saratov directly to Volgograd, Samara, and Voronezh. The railways also play an important role. The Privolzhskaya Railway is headquartered in Saratov. The Volga itself is an important inland waterway. Buses and trolleybuses form the backbone of public transport in the city.
Trolza-5275 low-floor trolleybus
Trolza-5275 low-entry trolleybus
KTM-19 trams
التعليم
Saratov is host to a number of colleges and universities. These include the Saratov State University (1909), Saratov State Technical University, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov State Academy of Law and Saratov State Agrarian University . In 2014 a newly renovated campus for the Saratov Regional College of Art was opened.
الثقافة
One of the city's most prominent landmarks is the 19th century neo-Gothic Conservatory. When it was built in 1912, the Conservatory was Russia's third such institution (after Moscow and St. Petersburg). At the time, Saratov, with a population of 240,000, was the third-largest city in Russia.
The Saratov Drama Theater was founded in 1802, making it one of Russia's oldest. It is ranked as one of Russia's National Theaters. In Soviet times, the theater was renamed in honor of Karl Marx, but now carries the name of Ivan Slonov (1882–1945), an actor, theatrical director and educator, born in the city. The full name in Russian is The I. A. Slonov Saratov State Academic Theater (Саратовский государственный академический театр драмы имени И. А. Слонова).
Saratov is noted for several art museums, including the Radishchev Art Museum, named for Alexander Radishchev, Fedin Art Museum, named after Russian novelist Konstantin Fedin, Saratov Local History Museum, Chernyshevsky Estate Museum, named for Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and some others.. It contains more than 20,000 exhibits, including ancient Russian icons, as well as works by some of the finest Russian painters (e.g. Aleksandra Ekster, Pavel Kuznetsov, Aristarkh Lentulov, Robert Falk, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Martiros Saryan, Fyodor Rokotov).
الديمغرافيا
More than 90% of the city's population are ethnic Russians. Among the remainder are Tatars, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kazakhs and others.
الرياضة
Several sports clubs are active in the city:
| النادي | الرياضة | تأسس | الدوري الحالي | الترتيب في الدوري |
الملعب |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kristall Saratov | Ice Hockey | 1955 | Higher Hockey League | 2nd | Kirstall Sports Palace |
| Sokol Saratov | Football | 1930 | Russian Football National League | 2nd | Lokomotiv Stadium |
| Avtodor Saratov | Basketball | 1960 | VTB United League | 1st | Kirstall Sports Palace |
| Universal Saratov | Bandy | 1953 | Bandy Supreme League | 2nd | Dynamo Stadium |
| Proton Saratov | Volleyball | 1988 | Volleyball Superleague | 1st |
البلدات التوأم والمدن الشقيقة
ساراتوڤ متوأمة مع:
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أبرز الأشخاص
- رومان أبراموڤتش، رجل أعمال
- Boris Andreyev, actor
- Oleg Antonov, aircraft designer
- Boris Babochkin, actor, director
- Rachel Bluwstein, poet
- Alexey Bogolyubov, painter
- Viktor Borisov-Musatov, painter
- Nikolay Chernyshevsky, philosopher
- Gavrila Derzhavin, poet
- Konstantin Fedin, writer
- Nikolai Grandkovsky, painter
- Joseph Hakobyan, engineer
- Lev Igorev, painter
- Anastasia Karpova, pop singer
- Lev Kassil, writer
- Kombinaciya, pop band
- Pavel Kuznetsov, painter
- Eduard Limonov, writer and politician
- Konstantin Paustovsky, writer
- Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, painter
- Natalia Pogonina, chess player
- Jean-Victor Poncelet, French engineer and mathematician (POW)
- Alexander Radishchev, writer
- Lidiya Ruslanova, Russian folk singer
- Sweeney Schriner, ice hockey player
- Nikolay Semyonov, Nobel Prize-winning chemist
- Fyodor Shekhtel, architect
- Leonid Sobinov, composer
- Pyotr Stolypin, statesman
- Oleg Tabakov, actor
- Evgeny Tomashevsky, chess Grandmaster and former World number 15
- Valeriya, pop singer
- Nikolai Vavilov, biologist and geneticist, died in a Saratov jail
- Mikhail Vrubel, painter
- Oleg Yankovsky, actor
- Nikolay Zinin, chemist
- Zedd (musician), music producer and DJ, born in Saratov and moved to Germany.
- Elvira T, singer
- Katia Elizarova, model
الهامش
ملاحظات
- ^ Charter of Saratov Oblast, Article 10
- ^ The official symbols of Saratov enumerated in Article 3 of the Charter of Saratov do not include the anthem.
- ^ Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. pp. 409–410. ISBN .
- ^ Charter of Saratov, Article 22
- ^ Official website of Saratov. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Isayev, Head of Saratov (بالروسية)
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^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. Unknown parameter
|trans_title=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Saratov Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения по муниципальным районам Саратовской области на 01.01.2015 г. Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. (بالروسية)
- ^ Law #21-ZSO
- ^ نطقب:OKATO reference
- ^ Law #79-ZSO
- ^ Law #78-ZSO
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (بالروسية)
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). )". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
-
^ )". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Тамбовско-Саратовская линия (in Russian)
- ^ Sergej G.: Die Politik Russlands gegenüber den Deutschen 1914–1918. In: Eisfeld, Alfred et al. [Hrsg.] Deutsche in Russland und in der Sowjetunion 1914–1941. Lit Verlag, Berlin 2007.
- ^ «Волжская рокада». Линия Иловля - Саратов - Сызрань - Ульяновск - Свияжск (in Russian)
- ^ نطقب:OKATO reference
- ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ Climatological Norms of Saratov [1]. Retrieved on August 24, 2011.
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ "Sister Cities". Dallas-ecodev.org. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ (نشطت في مطلع ع1950)
- ^ "Wuhan - Saratov, Russia".
المصادر
- نطقب:RussiaBasicLawRef/sar
- نطقب:RussiaBasicLawRef/sar/saratov
- نطقب:RussiaAdmMunRef/sar/admlaw
- نطقب:RussiaAdmMunRef/sar/munlist0
- نطقب:RussiaAdmMunRef/sar/munlist1
وصلات خارجية
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saratov. |
- Official website of Saratov (بالروسية)
- The Saratov Room (local news, events and places)
- Saratov.Ru
- Old photos of Saratov
- Radischev Art Gallery
- Catalog of the Radishchev Gallery
- Cultural guide to Saratov
- Google Earth view of Saratov
نطقب:Saratov Oblast
