لجنة السبل والموارد في مجلس النواب الأمريكي
| لجنة السبل والموارد Committee on Ways and Means | |
|---|---|
| الكونگرس الأمريكي رقم 115 | |
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Committee seal
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| النوع | of the الكونگرس الأمريكي |
| التاريخ | |
| تأسس | 21 ديسمبر 1795 |
| الدورة الجديدة بدأت | 3 يناير 2017 |
| القيادة | |
| الرئيس |
كڤن بريدي، (ج) منذخمسة نوفمبر 2015 |
| Ranking member | رتشارد نيل، (د) |
| Structure | |
| المقاعد | 39 نائب |
| الجماعات السياسية |
الأغلبية (24)
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| المسقط الإلكتروني | |
| waysandmeans.house.gov | |
| هذا الموضوع هوجزء من سلسلة عن: |
| مجلس النواب الأمريكي |
|---|
| النواب الأمريكي |
| الأعضاء |
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| السياسات والإجراءات |
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| أماكن |
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لجنة السبل والموارد Committee on Ways and Means هي اللجنة الرئيسية لفرض ضرائب في مجلس النواب الأمريكي. أعضاء لجنة السبل والموارد لا يُسمح لهم بالعمل في أي لجان أخرى في مجلس النواب إلا إذا تقدموا بطلب استئناء من قيادة حزبهم بالكونگرس. اختصاص اللجنة يضم جميع الضرائب والتعريفات، وكل الإجراءات الأخرى لجمع الدخل، وكذلك عدد من البرامج الأخرى بما فيها:
- الضمان الاجتماعي
- Unemployment benefits
- Medicare
- إنفاذ child support laws
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, a federal welfare program
- Foster care and adoption programs
The U.S. Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the House of Representatives. Since House procedure is that all bills regarding taxation must go through this committee, the committee is very influential, as is its Senate counterpart, the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance.
Recent chairs have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Sander Levin, and Dave Camp. On November 4, 2015 Representative Kevin Brady of Texas was chosen to succeed Representative Paul Ryan as chairman.
التاريخ
The idea of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one, having been used in the British Parliament and the colonial and early state legislatures in America.[بحاجة لمصدر]
The Committee was first established during the first Congress, in 1789. However, this initial version was disbanded after onlyثمانية weeks; for the next several years, only ad hoc committees were formed, to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House. It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21, 1795, and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7, 1802. Upon its original creation, it held power over both taxes and spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865.[بحاجة لمصدر]
الأهمية السياسية
Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for re-election help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons. First, since its range is so broad, members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions, simply to be able to influence policy decisions. Some recent major issues that have gone through this committee include welfare reform, a Medicare prescription drug benefit, Social Security reform, George W. Bush's tax cuts, and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). Second, given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee, a seat makes it very easy to collect campaign contributions.
Until 1974, the Ways and Means Committee decided which chairmanships newly elected members of Congress would have, along with its regular financial duties. When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills' career ended in scandal, Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee's selection powers to a separate, newly created committee.
الأعضاء، الكونگرس رقم 115
| الأغلبية | الأقلية |
|---|---|
| جمهوري | ديمقراطي |
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- Resolutions electing members: H.Res.ستة (Chair); H.Res.سبعة (Ranking Member); H.Res. 29, H.Res. 131, (Republicans); H.Res. 45, H.Res. 95 (Democrats).
اللجان الفرعية، الكونگرس رقم 115
There are six subcommittees in the 115th Congress. In 2011, the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources, returning to the name it held prior to the 110th Congress. In 2015, the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy.
| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
|---|---|---|
| Health | Pat Tiberi (R-OH) | Sander Levin (D-MI) |
| Human Resources | Adrian Smith (R-NE) | Danny K. Davis (D-IL) |
| Oversight | Vern Buchanan (R-FL) | John Lewis (D-GA) |
| Tax Policy | Peter Roskam (R-IL) | Lloyd Doggett (D-TX) |
| Social Security | Sam Johnson (R-TX) | John B. Larson (D-CT) |
| Trade | Dave Reichert (R-WA) | Bill Pascrell (D-NJ) |
الرؤساء
| # | الرئيس | الحزب | الولاية | بداية الفترة | نهاية الفترة |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Thomas Fitzsimons | Federalist | PA | 1789 | 1789 |
| 2 | William L. Smith | Federalist | SC | 1794 | 1797 |
| 3 | Robert G. Harper | Federalist | SC | 1797 | 1800 |
| 4 | Roger Griswold | Federalist | CT | 1800 | 1801 |
| 5 | John Randolph | Democratic-Republican | VA | 1801 | 1805 |
| 6 | Joseph Clay | Democratic-Republican | PA | 1805 | 1807 |
| 7 | George W. Cambpell | Democratic-Republican | TN | 1807 | 1809 |
| 8 | John W. Eppes | Democratic-Republican | VA | 1809 | 1811 |
| 9 | Ezekiel Bacon | Democratic-Republican | SC | 1811 | 1812 |
| 10 | Langdon Cheves | Democratic-Republican | SC | 1812 | 1813 |
| 11 | John W. Eppes | Democratic-Republican | VA | 1813 | 1815 |
| 12 | William Lowndes | Democratic-Republican | SC | 1815 | 1818 |
| 13 | Samuel Smith | Democratic-Republican | MD | 1818 | 1822 |
| 14 | Louis McLane | Democratic-Republican | DE | 1822 | 1827 |
| 15 | John Randolph | Democratic | VA | 1827 | 1827 |
| 16 | George McDuffie | Democratic | SC | 1827 | 1832 |
| 17 | Gulian C. Verplanck | Democratic | NY | 1832 | 1833 |
| 18 | James K. Polk | Democratic | TN | 1833 | 1835 |
| 19 | Churchill C. Cambreleng | Democratic | NY | 1835 | 1839 |
| 20 | John W. Jones | Democratic | VA | 1839 | 1841 |
| 21 | Millard Fillmore | Whig | NY | 1841 | 1843 |
| 22 | James I. McKay | Democratic | NC | 1843 | 1847 |
| 23 | Samuel F. Vinton | Whig | OH | 1847 | 1849 |
| 24 | Thomas H. Bayly | Democratic | VA | 1849 | 1851 |
| 25 | George S. Houston | Democratic | AL | 1851 | 1855 |
| 26 | Lewis D. Campbell | Republican | OH | 1856 | 1857 |
| 27 | J. Glancy Jones | Democratic | PA | 1857 | 1858 |
| 28 | John S. Phelps | Democratic | MO | 1858 | 1859 |
| 29 | John Sherman | Republican | OH | 1860 | 1861 |
| 30 | Thaddeus Stevens | Republican | PA | 1861 | 1865 |
| 31 | Justin Morrill | Republican | VT | 1865 | 1867 |
| 32 | Robert C. Schenck | Republican | OH | 1867 | 1871 |
| 33 | Samuel Hooper | Republican | MA | 1871 | 1871 |
| 34 | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | MA | 1871 | 1875 |
| 35 | William R. Morrison | Democratic | IL | 1875 | 1877 |
| 36 | Fernando Wood | Democratic | NY | 1877 | 1881 |
| 37 | John R. Tucker | Democratic | VA | 1881 | 1881 |
| 38 | William D. Kelley | Republican | PA | 1881 | 1883 |
| 39 | William R. Morrison | Democratic | IL | 1883 | 1887 |
| 40 | Roger Q. Mills | Democratic | TX | 1887 | 1889 |
| 41 | William McKinley | Republican | OH | 1889 | 1891 |
| 42 | William M. Springer | Democratic | IL | 1891 | 1893 |
| 43 | William L. Wilson | Democratic | WV | 1893 | 1895 |
| 44 | Nelson Dingley, Jr. | Republican | ME | 1895 | 1899 |
| 45 | Sereno E. Payne | Republican | NY | 1899 | 1911 |
| 46 | Oscar W. Underwood | Democratic | AL | 1911 | 1915 |
| 47 | Claude Kitchin | Democratic | NC | 1915 | 1919 |
| 48 | Joseph Fordney | Republican | MI | 1919 | 1923 |
| 49 | William R. Green | Republican | IA | 1923 | 1928 |
| 50 | Willis C. Hawley | Republican | OR | 1928 | 1931 |
| 51 | James W. Collier | Democratic | MS | 1931 | 1933 |
| 52 | Robert L. Doughton | Democratic | NC | 1933 | 1947 |
| 53 | Harold Knutson | Republican | MN | 1947 | 1949 |
| 54 | Robert L. Doughton | Democratic | NC | 1949 | 1953 |
| 55 | Daniel A. Reed | Republican | NY | 1953 | 1955 |
| 56 | Jere Cooper | Democratic | TN | 1955 | 1957 |
| 57 | Wilbur Mills | Democratic | AR | 1957 | 1975 |
| Al Ullman (acting) | Democratic | OR | 1973 | 1975 | |
| 58 | Al Ullman | Democratic | OR | 1975 | 1981 |
| 59 | Dan Rostenkowski | Democratic | IL | 1981 | 1994 |
| Sam Gibbons (acting) | Democratic | FL | 1994 | 1995 | |
| 60 | Bill Archer | Republican | TX | 1995 | 2001 |
| 61 | Bill Thomas | Republican | CA | 2001 | 2007 |
| 62 | Charles Rangel | Democratic | NY | 2007 | 2010 |
| Pete Stark (acting) | Democratic | CA | 2010 | 2010 | |
| 63 | Sander Levin (acting) | Democratic | MI | 2010 | 2011 |
| 64 | Dave Camp | Republican | MI | 2011 | 2015 |
| 65 | Paul Ryan | Republican | WI | 2015 | 2015 |
| 66 | Kevin Brady | Republican | TX | 2015 | Present |
انظر أيضاً
- List of current United States House of Representatives committees
المراجع
- H. Doc. 100-244, The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History 1789-1989
- ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 38
- ^ Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 58
- ^ Grier, Kevin; Munger, Michael (1991). "Committee Assignments, Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions". Economic Inquiry. 29 (1): 24–43. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01250.x.
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. pp. 276–279. ISBN .
- ^ "Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress". January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
- ^ "Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs, Members". November 18, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
وصلات خارجية
- Official Committee web site (Archive)
- House Ways and Means Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
- House Ways and Means Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov.
