مانچو(شعب)
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المانچو Manchu (المانچو: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ; Möllendorff: manju; الصينية المبسطة: 满族; الصينية التقليدية: 滿族; پنين: Mǎnzú; ويد-جايلز: Man3-tsu2)، هم أقلية عرقية صينية والشعب الذي اشتقت منهم مانچوريا اسمها. يطلق عليهم أحياناً "المانچوذوي الشرائط الحمر، في إشارة إلى الزينة الموضوعة على قبعات المانچوالتقليدية.
شعب المانچوهم الفرع الأكبر من الشعوب التونگستية وهم منتشرون في أنحاء الصين، مشكلين رابع أكبر جماعة عرقية في البلاد. يتواجدون في مقاطعات الصين ال31. ويشكلون أيضاً أكبر أقلية عرقية في الصين بدون منطقة حكم ذاتي. من بينها لياونينگ التي لديها أكبر تعداد من المانچو، وخبي، هـِيْلونگجيانگ، جيلين، منغوليا الداخلية وبكين ويوجد بها أكثر من 100.000 مقيم من المانچو. يعيش ما يقارب من نصف المانچوفي مقاطعة لياونينگ والخمس في مقاطعة خبي. هناك أعداد من المانچوفي مقاطعات الحكم الذاتي في الصين، مثل شينبين، شيويوان، شينگلونگ، فينگنينگ، يتونگ، شينگيوان، وييچنگ، كوانچنگ، بنشي، كوانديان، هوانرن، فنگچنگ، بايژن وأكثر من 300 بلدة وبلدية مانچو.
التاريخ
الأصول والتاريخ المبكر
حكم المانچوللصين
العصر الحديث
تسمية الاسم العرقي
السكان
البر الصيني
التوزيع
الترتيب | المنطقة | إجمالي السكان |
المانچو | النسبة المئوية السكان المانچو |
النسبة المئوية من السكان من الأقليات العرقية(% |
النسبة المئوية المحلية من السكان |
الترتيب المحلي لسكان العرقية |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
الإجمالي | 1,335,110,869 | 10,410,585 | 100 | 9.28 | 0.77 | ||
الإجمالي (في المقاطعات ال31) |
1,332,810,869 | 10,387,958 | 99.83 | 9.28 | 0.78 | ||
G1 | شمال الشرق | 109,513,129 | 6,951,280 | 66.77 | 68.13 | 6.35 | |
G2 | الشمال | 164,823,663 | 3,002,873 | 28.84 | 32.38 | 1.82 | |
G3 | الشرق | 392,862,229 | 122,861 | 1.18 | 3.11 | 0.03 | |
G4 | جنوب الوسط | 375,984,133 | 120,424 | 1.16 | 0.39 | 0.03 | |
G5 | شمال الغرب | 96,646,530 | 82,135 | 0.79 | 0.40 | 0.08 | |
G6 | جنوب الغرب | 192,981,185 | 57,785 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 0.03 | |
1 | لياوننگ | 43,746,323 | 5,336,895 | 51.26 | 80.34 | 12.20 | 2 |
2 | خبي | 71,854,210 | 2,118,711 | 20.35 | 70.80 | 2.95 | 2 |
3 | جيلين | 27,452,815 | 866,365 | 8.32 | 39.64 | 3.16 | 3 |
4 | هـِيْلونگجيانگ | 38,313,991 | 748,020 | 7.19 | 54.41 | 1.95 | 2 |
5 | منغوليا الداخلية | 24,706,291 | 452,765 | 4.35 | 8.96 | 2.14 | 3 |
6 | بكين | 19,612,368 | 336,032 | 3.23 | 41.94 | 1.71 | 2 |
7 | تيانجين | 12,938,693 | 83,624 | 0.80 | 25.23 | 0.65 | 3 |
8 | هـِنان | 94,029,939 | 55,493 | 0.53 | 4.95 | 0.06 | 4 |
9 | شاندونگ | 95,792,719 | 46,521 | 0.45 | 6.41 | 0.05 | 4 |
10 | گوانگدونگ | 104,320,459 | 29,557 | 0.28 | 1.43 | 0.03 | 9 |
11 | شنگهاي | 23,019,196 | 25,165 | 0.24 | 9.11 | 0.11 | 5 |
12 | نينگشيا | 6,301,350 | 24,902 | 0.24 | 1.12 | 0.40 | 3 |
13 | گويژو | 34,748,556 | 23,086 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 18 |
14 | شينجيانگ | 21,815,815 | 18,707 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 10 |
15 | جيانگسو | 78,660,941 | 18,074 | 0.17 | 4.70 | 0.02 | 7 |
16 | شآنشي | 37,327,379 | 16,291 | 0.16 | 8.59 | 0.04 | 3 |
17 | سيشوان | 80,417,528 | 15,920 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 10 |
18 | گانسو | 25,575,263 | 14,206 | 0.14 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 7 |
19 | يوننان | 45,966,766 | 13,490 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 24 |
20 | هوبـِيْ | 57,237,727 | 12,899 | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 6 |
21 | شانشي | 25,712,101 | 11,741 | 0.11 | 12.54 | 0.05 | 3 |
22 | ژجيانگ | 54,426,891 | 11,271 | 0.11 | 0.93 | 0.02 | 13 |
23 | گوانگشي | 46,023,761 | 11,159 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 12 |
24 | آنهوي | 59,500,468 | 8,516 | 0.08 | 2.15 | 0.01 | 4 |
25 | فوجيان | 36,894,217 | 8,372 | 0.08 | 1.05 | 0.02 | 10 |
26 | چينگهاي | 5,626,723 | 8,029 | 0.08 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 7 |
27 | هونان | 65,700,762 | 7,566 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 9 |
28 | جيانگ شي | 44,567,797 | 4,942 | 0.05 | 2.95 | 0.01 | 6 |
29 | تشونگچينگ | 28,846,170 | 4,571 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 7 |
30 | هاينان | 8,671,485 | 3,750 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 8 |
31 | التبت | 3,002,165 | 718 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 11 |
مدنيون نشطون | 2,300,000 | 22,627 | 0.24 | 23.46 | 1.05 | 2 |
مناطق المانچوذاتية الحكم
مناطق المانچوذاتية الحكم | المقاطعة | المدينة |
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Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County | خبي | Qinhuangdao |
Fengning Manchu Autonomous County | خبي | چنگده |
Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County | خبي | چنگده |
Kuancheng Manchu Autonomous County | خبي | چنگده |
Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | Anshan |
Qingyuan Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | Fushun |
Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | فوشون |
Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | Dandong |
Benxi Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | Benxi |
Huanren Manchu Autonomous County | لياوننگ | Benxi |
Yitong Manchu Autonomous County | جيلين | Siping |
بلدات/بلديات عرقية المانچو |
المحافظة المنطقة ذاتية الحكم البلدية |
المدينة المحافظة |
المقاطعة |
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Paifang Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township | Anhui | Hefei | Feidong |
Labagoumen Manchu Ethnic Township | Beijing | N/A | Huairou |
Changshaoying Manchu Ethnic Township | Beijing | N/A | Huairou |
Huangni Yi, Miao and Manchu Ethnic Township | Guizhou | Bijie | Dafang |
Jinpo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township | Guizhou | Bijie | Qianxi |
Anluo Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township | Guizhou | Bijie | Jinsha |
Xinhua Miao, Yi and Manchu Ethnic Township | Guizhou | Bijie | Jinsha |
Tangquan Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Tangshan | Zunhua |
Xixiaying Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Tangshan | Zunhua |
Dongling Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Tangshan | Zunhua |
Lingyunce Manchu and Hui Ethnic Township | Hebei | Baoding | Yi |
Loucun Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Baoding | Laishui |
Daweihe Hui and Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Langfang | Wen'an |
Pingfang Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Anchungou Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Wudaoyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Zhengchang Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Mayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Fujiadianzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Xidi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Xiaoying Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Datun Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Xigou Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Luanping |
Gangzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Chengde |
Liangjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Chengde |
Bagualing Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Xinglong |
Nantianmen Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Xinglong |
Yinjiaying Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Miaozigou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Badaying Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Taipingzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Jiutun Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Xi'achao Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Baihugou Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Longhua |
Liuxi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Qijiadai Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Pingfang Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Maolangou Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Xuzhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Nanwushijia Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Guozhangzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Hebei | Chengde | Pingquan |
Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Nangang |
Xingfu Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Lequn Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Tongxin Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Xiqin Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Gongzheng Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Lianxing Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Xinxing Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Qingling Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Nongfeng Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Yuejin Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Shuangcheng |
Lalin Manchu Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Wuchang |
Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Wuchang |
Niujia Manchu Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Wuchang |
Yingchengzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Wuchang |
Shuangqiaozi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Wuchang |
Liaodian Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Harbin | Acheng |
Shuishiying Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Qiqihar | Ang'angxi |
Youyi Daur, Kirgiz and Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Qiqihar | Fuyu |
Taha Manchu and Daur Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Qiqihar | Fuyu |
Jiangnan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Mudanjiang | Ning'an |
Chengdong Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Mudanjiang | Ning'an |
Sijiazi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Heihe | Aihui |
Yanjiang Daur and Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Heihe | Sunwu |
Suisheng Manchu Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Beilin |
Yong'an Manchu Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Beilin |
Hongqi Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Beilin |
Huiqi Manchu Ethnic Town | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Wangkui |
Xiangbai Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Wangkui |
Lingshan Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Suihua | Wangkui |
Fuxing Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Hegang | Suibin |
Chengfu Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township | Heilongjiang | Shuangyashan | Youyi |
Longshan Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Siping | Gongzhuling |
Ershijiazi Manchu Ethnic Town | Jilin | Siping | Gongzhuling |
Sanjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Yanbian | Hunchun |
Yangpao Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Yanbian | Hunchun |
Wulajie Manchu Ethnic Town | Jilin | Jilin City | Longtan |
Dakouqin Manchu Ethnic Town | Jilin | Jilin City | Yongji |
Liangjiazi Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Jilin City | Yongji |
Jinjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Jilin City | Yongji |
Tuchengzi Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township | Jilin | Jilin City | Yongji |
Jindou Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Tonghua | Tonghua County |
Daquanyuan Korean and Manchu Ethnic Township | Jilin | Tonghua | Tonghua County |
Xiaoyang Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township | Jilin | Tonghua | Meihekou |
Sanhe Manchu and Korean Ethnic Township | Jilin | Liaoyuan | Dongfeng County |
Mantang Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Shenyang | Dongling |
Liushutun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Shenyang | Kangping |
Shajintai Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Shenyang | Kangping |
Dongsheng Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Shenyang | Kangping |
Liangguantun Mongol and Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Shenyang | Kangping |
Shihe Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Dalian | Jinzhou |
Qidingshan Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Jinzhou |
Taling Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Zhuanghe |
Gaoling Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Zhuanghe |
Guiyunhua Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Zhuanghe |
Sanjiashan Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Zhuanghe |
Yangjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Wafangdian |
Santai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Wafangdian |
Laohutun Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dalian | Wafangdian |
Dagushan Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Anshan | Qianshan |
Songsantaizi Korean and Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Anshan | Qianshan |
Lagu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Fushun | Fushun County |
Tangtu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Fushun | Fushun County |
Sishanling Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Benxi | Nanfen |
Xiamatang Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Benxi | Nanfen |
Huolianzhai Hui and Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Benxi | Xihu |
Helong Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Dandong | Donggang |
Longwangmiao Manchu and Xibe Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Dandong | Donggang |
Juliangtun Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Jiudaoling Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Dizangsi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Hongqiangzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Liulonggou Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Shaohuyingzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Dadingpu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Toutai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Toudaohe Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Chefang Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Wuliangdian Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Yi |
Baichanmen Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Heishan |
Zhen'an Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Heishan |
Wendilou Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Linghai |
Youwei Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Jinzhou | Linghai |
East Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Fuxin | Zhangwu |
West Liujiazi Manchu and Mongol Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Fuxin | Zhangwu |
Jidongyu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Liaoyang | Liaoyang County |
Shuiquan Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Liaoyang | Liaoyang County |
Tianshui Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Liaoyang | Liaoyang County |
Quantou Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Tieling | Changtu County |
Babaotun Manchu, Xibe and Korean Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Tieling | Kaiyuan |
Huangqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Kaiyuan |
Shangfeidi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Kaiyuan |
Xiafeidi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Kaiyuan |
Linfeng Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Kaiyuan |
Baiqizhai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Tieling County |
Hengdaohezi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Tieling County |
Chengping Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Dexing Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Helong Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Jinxing Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Mingde Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Songshu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Yingcheng Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Tieling | Xifeng |
Xipingpo Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Dawangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Fanjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Gaodianzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Gejia Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Huangdi Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Huangjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Kuanbang Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Mingshui Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Shahe Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Wanghu Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Xiaozhuangzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Yejia Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Gaotai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Suizhong |
Baita Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Caozhuang Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Dazhai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Dongxinzhuang Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Gaojialing Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Guojia Manchu Ethnic Town | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Haibin Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Hongyazi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Jianjin Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Jianchang Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Jiumen Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Liutaizi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Nandashan Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Shahousuo Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Wanghai Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Weiping Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Wenjia Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Yang'an Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Yaowangmiao Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Yuantaizi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Xingcheng |
Erdaowanzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Jianchang |
Xintaimen Manchu Ethnic Township | Liaoning | Huludao | Lianshan |
Manzutun Manchu Ethnic Township | Inner Mongolia | Hinggan | Horqin Right Front Banner |
Guanjiayingzi Manchu Ethnic Township | Inner Mongolia | Chifeng | Songshan |
Shijia Manchu Ethnic Township | Inner Mongolia | Chifeng | Harqin Banner |
Caonian Manchu Ethnic Township | Inner Mongolia | Ulanqab | Liangcheng |
Sungezhuang Manchu Ethnic Township | Tianjin | N/A | Ji |
Manchu autonomous area in north China.
Manchu autonomous area in Liaoning.
Manchu autonomous area in Jilin.
Manchu autonomous area in Hebei.
مناطق أخرى
الثقافة
اللغة والأبجدية
اللغة
الأبجدية
الوضع الحالي
الأسماء وطرق التسمية
أسماء العائلة
الألقاب
الوضع الحالي
طقوس الدفن
تصفيفة الشعر التقليدية
الزي التقليدي
الأنشطة التقليدية
ركوب الخيل والرامية
مصارعة المانچو
تدريب الصقور
التزلج على الجليد
الأدب
الفنون الشعبية
الدين
الشامانية المانچوية
البوذية
الديانة التقليدية الصينية
المسيحية
العطلات التقليدية
انظر أيضاً
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مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Manchu people. |
الهوامش
- ^ Also known as Man,Bannermen,شعب الراية،التتار،المنغول ذوي الشارات الحمراء (红缨蒙古),المنغول المرتدون للشارات الحمراء (戴红缨的蒙古人) والتتار المتردون للشارات الحمراء (戴红缨达子)
- ^ Fengcheng and Beizhen are cities but treated as Manchu autonomous counties.
- ^ Autonomous counties are shown in bright green. Counties with autonomous townships are in dark green, with the number of Manchu townshipin each county shown in red (or yellow). So are another 2 pictures
المصادر
الحواشي
- ^ 中国2010年人口普查资料 上中下 (the Data of 2010 China Population Census). China Statistics Press. 2012. ISBN .
- ^ Manchusoc:The Origins of Manchu People in Taiwan (traditional Chinese)
- ^ the Gospel Need of Manchu People (simplified Chinese)
- ^ "Manchu". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Elliott 2001, pp. 13–15
- ^ lear. "词语"旗人"的解释 汉典 zdic.net". Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ Elliott 2001, p. 15
- ^ Elliott 2001, p. 98
- ^ Various authors 2008, p. 258 (Shizu period)
- ^ Uyun Bilig: The Files of Chahar and Ligdan Khan in Ming Dynasty (simplified Chinese)
- ^ Merriam-Webster, Inc 2003, p. 754
- ^ Zheng 2009, p. 79
- ^ Vollmer 2002, p. 76
- ^ Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009, p. 207
- ^ Writing Group of Manchu Brief History 2009, pp. 206–207
خط
بالصينية
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بالإنگليزية
- Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368-1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Siu, Helen F.; Sutton, Donald S., eds. (2006). . Volume 28 of Studies on China (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2010). Kagan, Kimberly (ed.). . Paul Bushkovitch, Nicholas Canny, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Arthur Eckstein, Frank Ninkovich, Loren J. Samons. Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). . Blackwell Publishing. ISBN .
- Breuker, Remco E. (2010). . Volume 1 of Brill's Korean Studies Library. BRILL. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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"New Light on The Origins of The Manchuslast=Huang". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 50 (No. 1): 239–282. Jun 1990. doi:10.2307/2719229. JSTOR 2719229.
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(help) - Perdue, Peter C (2009). (reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Peterson, Willard J. (2002). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (Nov 1996). "Presidential Address: Reenvisioning the Qing: The Significance of the Qing Period in Chinese History". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 55 (No. 4): 829–850. doi:10.2307/2646525. JSTOR 2646525.
- Reardon-Anderson, James (Oct 2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty". Environmental History. Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History. 5 (No. 4): 503–530. JSTOR 3985584.
- Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). . University of Washington Press. ISBN .
- Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2011). . University of Washington Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Serruys, Henry (1955). . Volume أربعة of Göttinger asiatische Forschungen. O. Harrassowitz. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Seth, Michael J. (2006). . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (illustrated, annotated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Seth, Michael J. (2010). . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1924). . Volume ثلاثة of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch). Royal Asiatic Society.
- Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Spence, Jonathan D. (1988). . Volume 85 of Yale historical publications: Miscellany (illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 1 September 2014.
- Tamanoi, Mariko Asano (May 2000). ". The Journal of Asian Studies. Association for Asian Studies. 59 (No. 2): 248–276. doi:10.2307/2658656. JSTOR 2658656.
- Taveirne, Patrick (2004). . Volume 15 of Louvain Chinese studies (illustrated ed.). Leuven University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H., eds. (1995). (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994). (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Vajda, E. J. "Manchu (Jurchen)". Pandora Web Space (Western Washington University). Professor Edward Vajda. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- Vollmer, John E. (2002). . Ten Speed Press. ISBN .
- Williamson, Mitch (May 19, 2011). "JURCHEN JIN DYNASTY". Weapons and Warfare. Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
- Watson, Rubie Sharon; Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, eds. (1991). . Volume 12 of Studies on China. Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Wu, Shuhui (1995). . Volume 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN . Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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- Zhang, Feng (March 2008). "Traditional East Asian Structure from the Perspective of Sino-Korean Relations". International Relations Department The London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
- Zhao, Gang (January 2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). 32 (Number 1). Sage Publications. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
- . Contributory Society for Qing Studies (U.S.), Project Muse. Society for Qing Studies. 1989. Retrieved 30 December 2012.CS1 maint: others (link)
بالمانچوية
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Dekdengge; Zhang, Huake; Guang, Dingyuan (2007). . Yingyu Cultural Publishing House. ISBN . zero width joiner character in
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at position 439 (help)
قراءات إضافية
- Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1991). . Princeton University Press. ISBN .
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (2001). . University of California Press. ISBN .
- Shao, Dan (2011). . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN .
وصلات خارجية
قاموس الفهم.
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