اتفاقية وقف الأعمال العدائية في جنوب السودان Cessation of Hostilities agreement in South Sudan، هي اتفاقية سقط عليها الطرفان المتنافسان في حكومة جنوب السودان؛ سلڤا كير ميارديت ورياك مشار في العاصمة الإثيوپية أديس أبابا، في 22 ديسمبر 2017. وتنص الاتفاقة على وقف جميع التحركات والعمليات الحربية العدائية بين الجانبين، وإطلاق سراح المعتقلين السياسيين والنساء والأطفال المخطوفين.

بنود الاتفاقية

أُبرمت اتفاقية وقف الأعمال العدائية، حماية المدنيين ودخول المساعدات الإنسانية لجنوب السودان، أوما تُعهد باتفاقية وقف الأعمال العدائية في جنوب السودان، وتضمنت البنود التالية:

الجزء الأول: وقف الأعمال العدائية

• المادة 1: الإعلان:

1- With effect from 00:01 hours (South Sudan local time) on the 24th day of December 2017, a Cessation of Hostilities (CoH) shall come into force, and the Parties shall cease all hostile military actions and operations in furtherance of the armed conflict between and among the Parties.

2- All forces shall immediately freeze in their locations, except for movements authorized by CTSAMM for logistical and administrative purposes.

3- Where opposing forces are in close proximity they shall immediately disengage.

4- Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall notify its commanders and affiliates of this Agreement and the obligations to cease all hostilities.

• المادة 2: الالتزام بوقف الأعمال العدائية:

1- Each Party shall implement this Agreement in full and in good faith, and shall ensure that its affiliates and all forces or armed groups under its command and control at all times observe the Agreement, particularly the provisions on prohibited acts.

2- The obligations of a Party to respect the cessation of hostilities shall therefore apply to its affiliates and the armed groups that are under the command and control of that Party. Accordingly, each Party shall also disclose to CTSAMM the location of the headquarters of all its military and affiliates.

3- The Signatories to this Agreement and the Special Envoy shall continue to engage any other groups not part of this Agreement, and bearing arms to abandon violence, and, where appropriate, to join this Agreement.

4- In the implementation of this Agreement, the Parties shall abide by the international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as international best practices and standards on the cessation of hostilities, protection of civilians, and provision of humanitarian access.

5- Each Party and any entity with responsibility for any aspect of the Agreement shall take the necessary steps to ensure that women and girls are not excluded or disadvantaged in the implementation of any aspect of this Agreement, and that their special needs and vulnerabilities are fully addressed.

6- This Agreement shall apply to all parties of South Sudan without any formal distinction.

• المادة 3: التزام الأطراف:

1- The Parties shall respect and ensure full compliance with international humanitarian law.

2- All hostile military actions, including the following, are prohibited:

(a) attacks aimed at dislodging, capturing ground or equipment, ambushes, and killing one another; (b) reconnaissance operations against each other; (c) laying of mines of any nature including anti-tank and anti-personnel mines; (d) use of proxy militias to provoke or attack one another; (e) recruitment and enlistment, including from Protection of Civilian sites (PoCs) and refugee camps; (f) recruitment and enlistment of children; (g) sexual violence; (h) interference and jamming of one another’s field military means of communication; and (i) any provocative and deceptive actions.

3- The Parties shall not take any actions that could lead to military confrontations including unauthorized movement of forces, ammunition resupply, and any other action that could be viewed as confrontational.

4- The CTSAMM shall determine whether any act by a Party or person constitutes a prohibited act or is otherwise a breach of this Agreement, and shall take into account all the circumstances, including any justifications for the act.

5- The Parties shall prevent, and ensure accountability for breaches of this Agreement.

• المادة الرابعة: أعمال محظورة أخرى:

1- The Parties shall not engage in any form of hostile propaganda or hate speech, or use any media, including social media to foment ethnic or sectarian hatred.

2- The Parties shall not occupy or damage any public or community property and infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, business centres, places of worship and any other vital installations. The Parties shall withdraw from any of the above sites that they have occupied.

3- The Parties shall not carry out unwarranted verbal attacks, or any physical attacks against the CTSAMM, JMEC, IGAD, AU, UN or any other entity associated with the implementation of this Agreement.

الجزء الثاني: حماية المدنيين

• المادة 5: التزام الأطراف:

1- The Parties shall at all times protect the human rights of civilians, and shall ensure the safety and dignity of individuals and communities.

2- The Parties shall take specific measures to:

(a) protect vulnerable persons including children, women, girls, the elderly, and persons with disabilities or special needs; (b) support and facilitate the reunion of families and the decent burial and memorialization of the dead; and, (c) facilitate the free movement of persons, including women and girls; (d) ensure protection of media and Civil Society.

3- In the implementation of this Agreement, consideration shall be given to the special protection needs of women, girls and those with special needs.

4- The Parties shall facilitate the free movement of merchandise and shall not loot property, including businesses, vehicles and goods, but shall protect all persons conducting commercial activities across the country.

5- The following acts are prohibited:

(a) attacks, inside and outside South Sudan, on the civilian population including killings, abductions and robberies; (b) sexual and gender-based violence;

(c) torture, inhuman and degrading treatment;

(d) the laying of ambushes;

(e) offences against property;

(f) unauthorised or unlawful entry into any Protection of Civilian sites;

(g) unauthorised or unlawful entry into an Internally Displaced Persons’ camp, or a refugee camp or settlement; (h) perpetuating or inciting violence in or around the sites referred to in paragraphs (f) and or (g) above; and (i) any other human rights violations.

• المادة 6: حماية المدنيين:

1- The Parties shall protect civilians from any form of attacks by other armed actors not part of this Agreement operating within South Sudan.

2- The Parties shall cooperate with UNMISS in the discharge of its mandate to protect civilians.

3- The Parties shall fully support full and rapid deployment and operations of Regional Protection Force (RPF).

4- The Parties shall ensure that all other non-South Sudanese armed groups leave the country.

الجزء الثالث: الالتزامات الإنسانية والإجتماعية

• المادة 7: دخول المساعدات الإنسانية:

1- The Parties shall uphold international law, and shall allow and facilitate unfettered access for people in need to receive assistance from the United Nations, and impartial international and national non-governmental organizations.

2- The Parties shall guarantee the safety and security of all humanitarian personnel.

3- The Parties shall facilitate the safe and voluntary return of refugees and internally displaced persons, taking into account the special needs of the most vulnerable, in particular women, children and the elderly.

4- The Parties shall allow and facilitate the free and unimpeded movement of people, and passage of goods and humanitarian relief, including the establishment of safe corridors.

• المادة 8: إطلاق سراح الأطفال المختطفين، والنساء والأشخاص المحتجزين:

1- Immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, each Party shall unconditionally demoblize any child recruited or enlisted by their group to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

2- The Parties shall release the following persons to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) without delay:

(a) any persons who has been deprived of their liberty for reasons related to the conflict; (b) any Prisoners of War (PoWs); (c) all political prisoners and detainees; (d) All abducted women and children.

3- Within 72 hours of the signing of this Agreement, the Parties shall submit to the ICRC a complete list of PoWs, and all political prisoners and detainees, and released them within 14 days.

• المادة 9: الأفعال المحظورة:

1- In accordance with international humanitarian law, the following acts are prohibited:

(a) recruiting or enlisting children into armed conflict; (b) deliberate attacks on humanitarian personnel and assets; (c) deliberate restriction of the movement of humanitarian personnel and goods, (d) attacks on humanitarian convoys and vehicles; (e) looting of humanitarian supplies and assets; and, (f) obstruction and interference with humanitarian operations; (g) Cease all forms of harassment of the media; and (h) Cease media campaigns against mediators and Special Envoys.

الجزء الرابع: السريان والتطبيق

• المادة 10: آليات المراقبة والتحقق:

1- The Parties agree that CTSAMM shall be restructured in the course of the revitalization process. The regional and international members of CTSAMM, with relevant stakeholders in their areas of control, shall undertake monitoring and verification activities until a permanent ceasefire is agreed upon.

2- During the revitalization period, the reconstituted CTSAMM Board shall meet bi- monthly outside South Sudan to ensure full participation of all the Parties.

3- This Agreement shall be formally monitored and verified by the CTSAMM. Civil Society organisations and communities may support, as appropriate, the work of CTSAMM.

4- Each Party shall allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify its adherence to the provisions of this Agreement including the movement of its personnel and equipment.

5- The Parties shall provide to CTSAMM advance notification of any movement of its personnel and equipment for CTSAMM to verify and monitor.

6- The Parties shall fully cooperate with the CTSAMM in the discharge of its functions under this Agreement. The Parties shall unconditionally allow and grant unhindered access to CTSAMM to verify and monitor in all areas under its control.

7- The Parties shall provide CTSAMM with information it requires for the discharge of its duties, including the following:

(a) the location of their forces; (b) the location of any military units in close proximity that need an immediate disengagement; (c) the names, ranks and contact information of field commanders relevant to the implementation of this Agreement; (d) the names, ranks and contact information of their liaison officers; and (e) Reporting on sexual violence.

8- The Parties shall assist CTSAMM to develop a map depicting the location of their forces.

9- The Parties shall unconditionally allow CTSAMM to monitor and verify the adherence of their forces and affiliates with the provisions of this Agreement.

10- The Parties shall report to the relevant entitles any violations of this Agreement.

• المادة 11: الأفعال المحظورة:

1- The following acts are prohibited:

(a) attacks, harassment, intimidation and arrest, abduction or detention of CTSAMM personnel; and (b) obstruction or interference with the movements and work of CTSAMM.

Article Twelve Accountability for Any Violations Parties shall prevent, investigate and ensure accountability for breaches of this Agreement. This shall not preclude investigations and punishment by any other entities.

• المادة 13: إنفاذ الامتثال للاتفاقية:

1- In the case of any violation of this Agreement by any party, an armed group, organization or person, CTSAMM shall report such breach to the JMEC and the Chairperson of IGAD Council of Ministers in a timely manner for quick remedial action and accountability.

2- The Chairperson of JMEC, in accordance with its mandate, shall report any serious breaches to the TGoNU, IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government, the African Union Peace and Security Council (AUPSC), and to the United Nations Security Council for their action.

3- The actions referred to in sub-section (2) above, the actions may include the measures decided by the 28th Extra-Ordinary Summit of the IGAD Heads of State and Government of 24th November 2014.

4- The Parties call upon neighbouring States to promote the implementation of this Agreement in their territories.

5- JMEC to be restructured and reconstituted to include all armed groups, women and youth representation.

الجزء السادس: متفرقات

• المادة 14: تعزيز الاتفاقية:

1- Each Party signatory shall assume responsibility for promoting this Agreement to the people of South Sudan. The Parties shall identify the most effective information and dissemination mechanisms and strategies for promoting this Agreement, and shall hold joint media and public events, and encourage civil society and communities to support and promote the Agreement.

2- The Parties shall seek the assistance of UNMISS, and any other regional or international entities, to disseminate information about this Agreement to the general South Sudanese public, using appropriate methods, with priority given to the rural areas, women, children and youth in particular.

• المادة 15: مرجعيات التطبيق:

The IGAD and TGoNU shall mobilize the resources required for the implementation of this Agreement from national, regional and international sources.

• المادة 16: التعديل:

The Parties may amend this Agreement by consensus, failing which by at least two thirds of the Parties.

• المادة 17: تسوية النزاع:

1- Any dispute that may arise in the implementation and interpretation of this Agreement shall be resolved amicably between the signatories.

2- In case of a failure to resolve the matter the Parties shall refer the matter to the IGAD Council of Ministers.

• المادة 18: وضع الاتفاقية:

1- Upon signature, this Agreement shall become an Addendum to the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan.

2- In witness of the above, the duly authorized representatives of the Parties have signed this Agreement on this 21st day of December 2017, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

التطبيق والخروقات

دخل الاتفاق حيز التطبيق منتصف ليلة 24 ديسمبر 2017، وبدأ سريان وقف إطلاق النار بين الحكومة وعدد من الفصائل المسلحة في جنوب السودان، في وقت تبادلت الحكومة والفصيل المتمرد الرئيسي بقيادة نائب الرئيس السابق رياك مشار الاتهامات بشأن خرق هذا الاتفاق.

وقد وصفت الأمم المتحدة بدء سريان وقف إطلاق النار بالفرصة الأخيرة لتحقيق السلام في البلاد، وإنهاء حرب أهلية مدمرة مستمرة منذ أربع سنوات بين قوات الرئيس سلڤاكير ميارديت ونائبه السابق رياك مشار اندلعت أواخر 2013.

واتهمت الحركة الشعبية لتحرير السودان التي يقودها مشار في بيان القوات الحكومية بشن "هجوم عدواني" على مواقعها في بلدة بيه بايام في شمال البلاد، بالإضافة لمواقع أخرى في جنوبي غربي البلاد.

ونطق المتحدث باسم الحركة لام پول گبرييل في البيان إذا "كل هذه التصرفات ضد مسيرة السلام. الحكومة في جوبا ترغب حتى نرد الحركة الشعبية لتستمر الحرب ويستمروا في نهب موارد البلاد". من جهته، نفى الناطق باسم الجيش الجنرال لول رواي كونگ هذه الأحداث، واتهم المتمردين بارتكاب "خروقات خطيرة" لوقف إطلاق النار في مناطق عدة من البلاد.

ونطق كونگ لوكالة الصحافة الفرنسية إذا المتمردين نصبوا كمينا "لقافلة إدارية كانت في طريقها لإيصال الغذاء والمرتبات بمناسبة أعياد الميلاد" في ولاية أمادي جنوبي البلاد، وتابع "لقد تصدينا للكمين وتمكنا من اغتال خمسة متمردين".

ودعت الهيئة الحكومية للتنمية في شرق أفريقيا (إيجاد) إلى الجولة الأخيرة من محادثات السلام لإعادة تفعيل اتفاق السلام 2015 في جنوب السودان.

المصادر