كالڤن كولدج

كالڤن كولدج
كالڤن كولدج
رئيس الولايات المتحدة ال30
	في المنصب; 2 أغسطس, 1923 – March 4, 1929
نائب الرئيس	None (1923–1925); Charles G. Dawes, (1925–1929)
سبقه	Warren G. Harding
خلفه	Herbert Hoover
29th Vice President of the United States
	في المنصب; 4 مارس, 1921 – 2 أغسطس, 1923
الرئيس	Warren G. Harding
سبقه	Thomas R. Marshall
خلفه	Charles G. Dawes
48 حاكم ماساتشوستس
	في المنصب; 2 يناير, 1919 –ستة يناير, 1921
Lieutenant	Channing H. Cox
سبقه	Samuel W. McCall
خلفه	Channing H. Cox
46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
	في المنصب; 6 يناير, 1916 – 2 يناير, 1919
الحاكم	Samuel W. McCall
سبقه	Grafton D. Cushing
خلفه	Channing H. Cox
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	John Calvin Coolidge, Jr.; يوليو4, 1872; Plymouth, Vermont
توفي	يناير 5, 1933 (عن عمر 60 عاماً); نورثامتبون, ماساتشوستس
القومية	American
الحزب	Republican
الجامعة الأم	Amherst College
الدين	Congregationalist

كالفين كوليدج (4 يوليو1872 -خمسة يناير 1933)، الرئيس الثلاثون للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بالفترة من 1923 - 1929. وكمحامي جمهوري من ڤرمونت، Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor. His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. The next year, he was elected vice president of the United States, and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor.

Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration, and left office with considerable popularity. As a Coolidge biographer wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength".

Scholars have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of those presidents that they have assessed. He is praised by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics, while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably, though most praise his stalwart support of racial equality.

تاريخ الميلاد والأسرة

Coolidge as an Amherst College undergraduate

The Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth Notch, Vermont

ولد جون كالڤن كوليدج الثاني في بلدة پليموث، ڤرمونت في أربعة يوليو1872 وهوالرئيس الوحيد الذي كان ولد في عيد الاستقلال الأمريكي. كوليدج كان الأكبر من الطفلين في أسرته التي كانت تأصلت من نيوإنجلاند. سلف كوليدج الذي كان إسمه جون كوليدج هاجر هن إنجلترا في تقريبا 1630 واستوطن في مستعمرة مساتشوستس. معظم أسلافه كانوا مزارعون لكن بعضهم كانوا مهنيين وسياسيين مثلا معمار تشارلز أليرتون كوليدج ودبلوماسي أرشيبالد كاري كوليدج والسناتور آرثر براون وناشطة سياسية أولمبيا براون. والده كان مزارع فهوعمل كمدرس وكان عدالة للسلام لفترة. والدته عانيت من سقم ما كان من الممكن درن وماتت في 1885.

العائلة ومطلع الحياة

مناصب سياسية محلية

مناصب في مجلس المدينة

مشرع الولاية ورئيس بلدية

Calvin and Grace Coolidge, about 1918.

كالڤين كوليدج وهومشرع صغير

The 1913 session was less eventful, and Coolidge's time was mostly spent on the railroad committee, of which he was the chairman. Coolidge intended to retire after the 1913 session, as two terms were the norm, but when the President of the State Senate, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running for Lieutenant Governor, Coolidge decided to run again for the Senate in the hopes of being elected as its presiding officer. Although Greenwood later decided to run for reelection to the Senate, he was defeated and Coolidge was elected, with Crane's help, as the President of a closely divided Senate. After his election in January 1914, Coolidge delivered a speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which was later republished as a book. His speech, later much-quoted, summarized Coolidge's philosophy of government.

"Do the day's work. If it be to protect the rights of the weak, whoever objects, do it. If it is to help a powerful corporation, do that. Expect to be called a stand-patter, but do not be a stand-patter. Expect to be called a demagogue, but do not be a demagogue. Do not hesitate to be called as revolutionary as science. Do not hesitate to be as reactionary as the multiplication table. Do not expect to build up the weak by pulling down the strong. Do not hurry to legislate. Give administration a chance to catch up with legislation."

Have Faith in Massachusetts as delivered by Calvin Coolidge to the Massachusetts State Senate, 1914.

Coolidge's speech was well-received and he attracted some admirers on its account. Towards the end of the term, many of them were proposing his name for nomination to lieutenant governor. After winning reelection to the Senate by an increased margin in the 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected unanimously to be President of the Senate. As the 1915 session drew to a close, Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him once again to run for lieutenant governor. This time, he accepted their advice.

"Your assertion that the Commissioner was wrong cannot justify the wrong of leaving the city unguarded. That furnished the opportunity; the criminal element furnished the action. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, any time. ... I am equally determined to defend the sovereignty of Massachusetts and to maintain the authority and jurisdiction over her public officers where it has been placed by the Constitution and laws of her people."

Telegram from Governor Calvin Coolidge to Samuel Gompers September 15, 1919.

The following day about three-quarters of the policemen in Boston went on strike.

Legislation and vetoes as governor

Governor Coolidge, laying the cornerstone at Suffolk Law School in Boston in August of 1920.

نائب الرئيس

انتخابات 1920

President Harding and Vice President Coolidge and their wives.

"Silent Cal"

The Vice Presidency did not carry many official duties, but Coolidge was invited by President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first Vice President to do so. He gave speeches around the country, but none were especially noteworthy.

رئاسة 1923–1929

Coolidge's father, John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.

Succession to the Presidency

Finishing Harding's term

Coolidge signing the Immigration Act and some appropriation bills. General John J. Pershing looks on.

انتخابات 1924

Electoral votes by state, 1924.

John W. Davis

السياسة الداخلية

Coolidge, reporters, and cameramen

During Coolidge's presidency the United States experienced the period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties." His economic policy has often been misquoted as "generally speaking, the business of the American people is business" (full quotation below, at left). Although some commentators have criticized Coolidge as a doctrinaire laissez-faire ideologue, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during الحرب العالمية الأولى, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments."

"It is probable that a press which maintains an intimate touch with the business currents of the nation is likely to be more reliable than it would be if it were a stranger to these influences. After all, the chief business of the American people is business. They are profoundly concerned with buying, selling, investing and prospering in the world."

President Calvin Coolidge's address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors, Washington D.C., January 25, 1925.

Coolidge with his Vice President, Charles G. Dawes.

السياسة الخارجية

Coolidge's official White House portrait

إنتخابات 1928

President Coolidge signed a bill granting Native Americans full U.S. citizenship. Coolidge is shown above on October 22, 1924 holding a ceremonial hat.

الراديووالأفلام

A 1938 definitive stamp

أهم القرارات الرئاسية

Collection of video clips of the president

Signed Immigration Act of 1924
Signed Revenue Act of 1924
Signed Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
Signed Judiciary Act of 1925
Signed Revenue Act of 1926
Signed Radio Act of 1927
Signed Revenue Act of 1928

الحكومة

Coolidge's cabinet in 1924, outside the White House
Front row, left to right: Harry Stewart New, John W. Weeks, Charles Evans Hughes, Coolidge, Andrew Mellon, Harlan F. Stone, Curtis D. Wilbur
Back row, left to right, James J. Davis, Henry C. Wallace, Herbert Hoover, Hubert Work


المنصب	الاسم	الفترة

الرئيس	كالڤين كوليدج	1923-1929
نائب الرئيس	لا أحد	1923-1925
	Charles G. Dawes	1925-1929

وزير الخارجية	Charles Evans Hughes	1923-1925
	Frank B. Kellogg	1925-1929
وزير الخزانة	أندروملون	1923-1929
Secretary of War	John W. Weeks	1923-1925
	Dwight F. Davis	1925-1929
Attorney General	Harry M. Daugherty	1923-1924
	Harlan F. Stone	1924-1925
	John G. Sargent	1925-1929
Postmaster General	Harry S. New	1923-1929
Secretary of the Navy	Edwin Denby	1923-1924
	Curtis D. Wilbur	1924-1929
وزير الداخلية	Hubert Work	1923-1928
	Roy O. West	1928-1929
وزير الزراعة	Henry C. Wallace	1923-1924
	Howard M. Gore	1924-1925
	William M. Jardine	1925-1929
وزير التجارة	Herbert Hoover	1923-1928
	William F. Whiting	1928-1929
وزير العمل	James J. Davis	1923-1929

التقاعد والوفاة

Coolidge addressing a crowd at Arlington National Cemetery's Roman style Memorial Amphitheater in 1924.

الهامش

^ "John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). 2000-06-04. Retrieved 2019-05-11. [He] had originally been John Calvin Coolidge [Jr.], but dropped his first name to avoid confusion and later legally changed it.
^ "The Peculiar and Biting Calvin Coolidge Wit". New England Historical Society (in الإنجليزية). 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
^ Katz, Mark (February 20, 2012). "Calvin Coolidge's Bone-Dry Humor Is a Lesson in Laughs for Candidates". The Daily Beast (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved January 30, 2019.
^ McCoy 1967, pp. 420–21; Greenberg 2006, pp. 49–53.
^ Fuess 1940, p. 500.
^ Sobel 1998a, pp. 12–13; Greenberg 2006, pp. 1–7.
^ Fuess, 111–113
^ Fuess, 114–115
^ Sobel, 80–82
^ Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches And Messages by Calvin Coolidge, 1919, ISBN 1417926082.
^ Have Faith in Massachusetts, 7–8
^ Sobel, 90–92
^ Sobel, 90; Fuess, 124
^ Sobel, 92–98; Fuess, 133–136
^ Fuess, 226
^ The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544. Russell, 113
^ Sobel, 210–211
^ Sobel, 219; McCoy, 136
^ Sobel, Robert. Coolidge and American Business. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved from 2006-03-08 version in Internet Archive on 2007-05-18. See also Greenberg, 47.
^ Hannaford, 42

المصادر

مصادر رئيسية

(1929), ISBN 0944951031.
edited by Howard H. Quint and Robert H. Ferrell (1964)

مصادر دراسية

Barry, John M., Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America (1997), ISBN 0684840022.
Brandes, Joseph, Herbert Hoover and Economic Diplomacy. (1962)
Ferrell, Robert H., The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (1998), ISBN 0700608923.
Fuess, Claude M., Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont (1940), ISBN 0837193206.
Greenberg, David, Calvin Coolidge, The American Presidents Series, (2006), ISBN 0805069577.
Hannaford, Peter, The Quotable Calvin Coolidge (2001), ISBN 1884592333.
McCoy, Donald, Calvin Coolidge: The Quiet President (1967), ISBN 0945707231.
Russell, Francis, A City in Terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston Police Strike (1975), ISBN 0807050334.
Silver, Thomas B., (1983), ISBN 0890890382.
Sobel, Robert, Coolidge: An American Enigma (1998), ISBN 0895264102.
White, William Allen, (1938), نطقب:ASIN.
Wilson, Joan Hoff, Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive (1975), ISBN 0316944165.

غيرهم

An academic conference on Coolidge was held July 30–31, 1998, at the John F. Kennedy Library to mark the 75th anniversary of his lantern-light homestead inaugural.

طالع أيضاً

كوليدج, أريزونا
سد كوليدج
تأثير كوليدج
SS President Coolidge

وصلات خارجية

Extensive essay on Calvin Coolidge and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
Calvin Coolidge birthplace, a Vermont State Historic Site
Official White House biography
Audio clips of Coolidge's speeches
Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library & Museum at Forbes Library, Northampton, MA
Calvin Coolidge official Commonwealth of Massachusetts Governor Biography
Prosperity and Thrift: The Coolidge Era at the Library of Congress
أعمال من Calvin Coolidge في مشروع گوتنبرگ

مناصب سياسية
سبقه Grafton D. Cushing	Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts 1916 - 1919	تبعه Channing H. Cox
سبقه Samuel W. McCall	Governor of Massachusetts 1919 – 1921	تبعه Channing H. Cox
سبقه Thomas R. Marshall	نائب رئيس الولايات المتحدة March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923¹	شاغر اللقب حمله بعد ذلك Charles G. Dawes
سبقه Warren G. Harding	رئيس الولايات المتحدة August 2, 1923² – March 4, 1929	تبعه Herbert Hoover
مناصب حزبية
سبقه Charles W. Fairbanks	Republican Party vice presidential candidate 1920	تبعه Charles G. Dawes
سبقه Warren G. Harding	Republican Party presidential candidate 1924	تبعه Herbert Hoover

[1] "John Coolidge, Guardian of President's Legacy. Dies at 93". The New York Times (in الإنجليزية). 2000-06-04. Retrieved 2019-05-11. [He] had originally been John Calvin Coolidge [Jr.], but dropped his first name to avoid confusion and later legally changed it.

[2] "The Peculiar and Biting Calvin Coolidge Wit". New England Historical Society (in الإنجليزية). 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2019-01-30.

[3] Katz, Mark (February 20, 2012). "Calvin Coolidge's Bone-Dry Humor Is a Lesson in Laughs for Candidates". The Daily Beast (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved January 30, 2019.

[FOOTNOTEMcCoy1967420.E2.80.9321Greenberg200649.E2.80.9353-4] McCoy 1967, pp. 420–21; Greenberg 2006, pp. 49–53.

[FOOTNOTEFuess1940500-5] Fuess 1940, p. 500.

[FOOTNOTESobel1998a12.E2.80.9313Greenberg20061.E2.80.937-6] Sobel 1998a, pp. 12–13; Greenberg 2006, pp. 1–7.

[7] Fuess, 111–113

[8] Fuess, 114–115

[9] Sobel, 80–82

[havefaith-10] Have Faith in Massachusetts: A Collection of Speeches And Messages by Calvin Coolidge, 1919, ISBN 1417926082.

[11] Have Faith in Massachusetts, 7–8

[12] Sobel, 90–92

[13] Sobel, 90; Fuess, 124

[14] Sobel, 92–98; Fuess, 133–136

[15] Fuess, 226

[16] The exact total was 1,117 out of 1,544. Russell, 113

[17] Sobel, 210–211

[18] Sobel, 219; McCoy, 136

[19] Sobel, Robert. Coolidge and American Business. John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved from 2006-03-08 version in Internet Archive on 2007-05-18. See also Greenberg, 47.

[20] Hannaford, 42

كالڤن كولدج

رئيس الولايات المتحدة ال30
في المنصب 2 أغسطس, 1923 – March 4, 1929
نائب الرئيس	None (1923–1925) Charles G. Dawes, (1925–1929)
سبقه	Warren G. Harding
خلفه	Herbert Hoover
29th Vice President of the United States
في المنصب 4 مارس, 1921 – 2 أغسطس, 1923
الرئيس	Warren G. Harding
سبقه	Thomas R. Marshall
خلفه	Charles G. Dawes
48 حاكم ماساتشوستس
في المنصب 2 يناير, 1919 –ستة يناير, 1921
Lieutenant	Channing H. Cox
سبقه	Samuel W. McCall
خلفه	Channing H. Cox
46th Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
في المنصب 6 يناير, 1916 – 2 يناير, 1919
الحاكم	Samuel W. McCall
سبقه	Grafton D. Cushing
خلفه	Channing H. Cox
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد	John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (1872-07-04)يوليو4, 1872 Plymouth, Vermont
توفي	يناير 5, 1933(1933-01-05) (عن عمر 60 عاماً) نورثامتبون, ماساتشوستس
القومية	American
الحزب	Republican
الجامعة الأم	Amherst College
الدين	Congregationalist