Extraordinary rendition, also called irregular rendition or forced rendition, is the government-sponsored abduction and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one country to another with the purpose of circumventing the former country's laws on interrogation, detention and torture. Such renditions have predominantly been carried out by the الولايات المتحدة government, with the consent of the other countries involved.

في أعقاب أحداث 11 سبتمبر 2001 ، بدأت وكالة المخابرات المركزية الأمريكية (سي آي إيه) برنامجًا سريًا للاحتجاز، يُحتجز بموجبه مشتبهين في سجون تابعة لوكالة المخابرات المركزية ، المعروفة أيضًا باسم "المواقع السوداء" موجودة خارج الولايات المتحدة ، حيث تعرضوا لأساليب استجواب تضم التعذيب وغيره من الإساءات. في نفس الوقت تقريباً ، اكتسبت وكالة المخابرات المركزية سلطة واسعة النطاق للانخراط في "التسليم الاستثنائي" ، الذي تم تعريفه هنا على أنه نقل للمعتقلين - دون إجراءات قانونية - إلى معتقلات حكومة خارجية لأغراض الاحتجاز والاستجواب. وقد تم تصنيف برنامج الاحتجاز وبرنامج التسليم الاستثنائي بدرجة عالية خارج الولايات المتحدة ، وتم تصميم برنامج الإعتنطق والترحيل الإستثنائي لاستجواب المحتجزين خارج نطاق القانون. كان التعذيب علامة مميزة لكليهما. استلزم البرنامجان اختطاف واختفاء المعتقلين ونقلهم خارج نطاق القانون على متن رحلات جوية سرية إلى مواقع غير معلنة في جميع أنحاء العالم ، متبوعة باحتجازهم بمعزل عن العالم الخارجي والاستجواب والتعذيب وسوء المعاملة. احتضنت إدارة الرئيس جورج دبليوبوش ما يسمى ب "الجانب المظلم" ، وهونموذج حديث لمكافحة الإرهاب مع القليل من الاهتمام بالقيود القانونية المفروضة محليا ودوليا .

Reported methodology

Media reports describe suspects as being arrested, blindfolded, shackled, and sedated, or otherwise kidnapped, and transported by private jet or other means to the destination country. The reports also say that the rendering countries have provided interrogators with lists of questions.

Airline flights

On أربعة October 2001, a secret arrangement was made in Brussels by all members of NATO. Lord George Robertson, British defense secretary and later NATO's secretary-general, would later explain NATO members agreed to provide "blanket overflight clearances for the United States and other allies' aircraft for military flights related to operations against terrorism."

"Black sites"

In 2005, The Washington Post and Human Rights Watch (HRW) published revelations concerning CIA flights and "black sites", covert prisons operated by the CIA and whose existence is denied by the US government. The European Parliament published a report in February 2007 concerning the use of such secret detention centers and extraordinary rendition (See below). These detention centers violate the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the UN Convention Against Torture, treaties that all EU member states are bound to follow.

Example cases

Khaled Masri case

Khalid El-Masri (also Khaled El-Masri and Khaled Masri,Levantine Arabic pronunciation: [ˈxaːlɪd elˈmɑsˤɾi, -ˈmɑsˤɾe], العربية: خالد المصري‎) (born 29 June 1963) is a German citizen who was mistakenly abducted by the Macedonian police, and handed over to the U.S. CIA. While in CIA custody, he was flown to Afghanistan, where he was allegedly held in a black site, interrogated, beaten, strip-searched, sodomized, and subjected to other inhuman and degrading treatment, which at times escalated to torture, though none of those claims can be verified. After El-Masri held hunger strikes, and was detained for four months in the "Salt Pit", the CIA finally admitted his arrest and torture were a mistake and released him. He is believed to be among an estimated 3,000 detainees whom the CIA has abducted from 2001–2005.

Abu Omar case

Majid Mahmud Abdu Ahmad case

Muhammad Bashmila case

Muhammad Bashmila, a former secret prisoner, now free in Yemen, gave an interview to the BBC Newsnight programme, where he spoke of being transferred from Afghanistan to a detention center where it was cold, where the food appeared European and where evening prayers were held. Somewhere in Eastern Europe is suspected. This claim cannot be confirmed.

Maher Arar case

Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.

Other cases

This is a non-exhaustive list of some alleged examples of extraordinary rendition. Most cannot be confirmed.

Other countries

CIA participating countries

According to a report by the Open Society Foundations, 54 countries participated at one point or another with the CIA's extraordinary rendition program:

Countries that conduct own rendition

Saudi Arabia

China

China abducts its citizens from e.g. Hong Kong or Australia, within its program of repatriating more than 3,000 people "who had escaped overseas".

Czech Socialist Republic

See e.g. Bohumil Laušman

Turkey

انظر أيضاً

• Logistics
  • Aero Contractors—one of several companies that are reported to provide air transport in extraordinary rendition cases.
  • Skyway Enterprises
  • Aircraft spotting
  • Alliance Base and CTIC (Counter-terrorism Information Centers, joint intelligence operations)
  • Black site
  • Exfiltration
  • Jeppesen—a Boeing subsidiary that is reported to provide navigation and logistical support.
  • Main Core
  • Rendition aircraft
  • Tepper Aviation
• People and organizations
  • At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA by George Tenet
  • Luis Posada Carriles, an anti-Castrist Cuban wanted by Venezuela for the 1976 bombing of Cubana Flight 455, which the US has refused to extradite in 2006 to Venezuela, on claims that he was not sufficiently enough protected from risks of torture in this last state.
  • Central Intelligence Agency
  • Extraordinary Rendition, film by Jim Threapleton, starring Omar Berdouni & Andy Serkis
  • Mohamed et al. v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.
  • Michael Scheuer
  • Rendition, film by Gavin Hood, starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Reese Witherspoon & Meryl Streep
  • Special Activities Division
  • Sportsflight Airways
  • Kenyan captives in the war on terror
• Legal
  • Arbitrary arrest and detention
  • Black jails (China)
  • Command responsibility
  • Criticisms of the War on Terrorism
  • Enemy combatant or Unlawful combatant
  • Erroneous rendition
  • Extrajudicial punishment
  • Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
  • Forced disappearance
  • Fruit of the poisonous tree
  • Ghost detainee
  • Nacht und Nebel (Nazi Germany)
  • Torture by proxy
  • Torture and the United States
  • Unitary Executive

Bibliography

• Grey, Stephen (2006). Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Torture Program. New York City: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-36023-1.
• Thompson, A. C., and Trevor Paglen (2006). Torture Taxi: On the Trail of the CIA's Rendition Flights. Hoboken, New Jersey: Melville House. ISBN 1-933633-09-3.
• Paglen, Trevor (2010) Blank Spots on the Map: The Dark Geography of the Pentagon's Secret World. New York: Duton. ISBN 978-0-451-22916-8

Notes

External links

• therenditionproject.org.uk

نطقب:CIAPrisons