كالدونيا
كالدونيا أوكاليدونيا الاسم الروماني القديم للأرض التي تقع حالياً في اسكتلنده، شمال مقاطعة بريطانيا الرومانية، وكانت خارج حدود الامبراطورية. أصبح فيما بعد اسمًا شاعريًا لأسكتلندا بكاملها.
وقد افتتح الجنرال الروماني نيياس جولياس أگريكولا كاليدونيا عام 83م. وكان البكتيون هم أول الكاليدونيين، أما في الفترة المبكرة من التاريخ الإنجليزي فكانوا من البكتيين والاسكتلنديين. وقد أجبرت غاراتهم البريطانيين على طلب مساعدة الإنگليز والسكسون.
المسقط
The exact location of what the Romans called Caledonia in the early stages of Britannia is uncertain, and the boundaries are unlikely to have been fixed until the building of سور هادريان. From then onwards, Caledonia stood to the north of the wall, and to the south was the Roman province of Britannia (consisting of most of what is now England and Wales). During the brief Roman military incursions into central and northern Scotland, the Scottish Lowlands were indeed absorbed into the province of Britannia, and the name was also used by the Romans, prior to their conquest of the southern and central parts of the island, to refer to the whole island of Great Britain.
Once the Romans had built a second wall further to the north (the Antonine Wall) and their garrisons advanced north likewise, the developing Roman-Britons south of the wall had trade relations with the Picts north of the wall, as testified by archaeological evidence, much of it available في المتحف الوطني الاسكتلندي في إدنبرة.
انظر أيضًا
- اسكتلندة
- سكوشيا
- اسكتلندة أثناء الامبراطورية الرومانية
- جدار هادريان
- Battle of Mons Graupius
- نيوكالدونيا
- Caledonian Club a membership-only club in London for Scots.
- جدار أنطونين
- الغزوالروماني لكالدونيا
المراجع
- "Caledonia" (1911) Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC - AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
- Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. ISBN 0002550822
- Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 050005133X
- Smout, T.C. MacDonald, R. and Watson, Fiona (2007) A History of the Native Woodlands of Scotland 1500-1920. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748632947
ملاحظات
- ^ Haverfield (1911, p. 987) in Encyclopædia Britannica, though, states that "a tribe of Caledones" are "named by the geographer Ptolemy as living within boundaries which are now unascertainable".
- ^ Hanson (2003, p. 198) states that the military presence of Rome lasted for little more than 40 years for most of Scotland and only as much as 80 years in total anywhere. At no time was even half of Scotland's land mass under Roman control.
الهامش
وصلات خارجية
- - 1628 map of the region by Mercator and Hondius
